Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) are bioactive compounds from Astragalus membranaceus with reported immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, and they have attracted interest as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry. This study evaluated the effects of dietary APS supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in Taihu geese. A total of 432 one-day-old goslings were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0, 100, or 200 mg/kg APS), with 6 replicates per treatment (24 birds per replicate; 12 males and 12 females). Growth performance was recorded during 1-90 d, and two birds (1 male and 1 female) per replicate were sampled at 30, 60, and 90 d for carcass measurements, meat quality assessment, and amino acid analysis of breast and leg muscles. Compared with the control, 200 mg/kg APS increased body weight at 60 and 90 d and improved average daily gain during 31-60 d and across 1-90 d, accompanied by a reduced feed-to-gain ratio (P < 0.05). At 60 d, geese fed 200 mg/kg APS exhibited higher dressing percentage and semi-eviscerated percentage than controls (P < 0.05). APS supplementation induced limited changes in meat quality, with a decreased breast muscle b* value at 30 d in the 200 mg/kg APS group (P < 0.05). In addition, 200 mg/kg APS increased glycine in breast muscle at 30 d and elevated methionine in breast muscle at 90 d as well as in leg muscle at 30 and 60 d (P < 0.05). Overall, APS supplementation at 200 mg/kg showed greater efficacy than 100 mg/kg in improving growth efficiency and selected carcass traits in Taihu geese, with stage-dependent changes in selected muscle amino acid contents.