Amlitelimab

Biologic therapies targeting maladaptive type 2 inflammation have transformed the management of moderate‑to‑severe atopic dermatitis (AD); however, comparative evidence integrating both approved and next‑generation investigational agents remains limited. This Bayesian network meta‑analysis (BNMA) provides the first unified evaluation of all biologic monoclonal antibodies approved as monotherapy for AD (dupilumab, lebrikizumab, tralokinumab) together with emerging immunotherapies, including amlitelimab, rademikibart, rezpegaldesleukin, rocatinlimab, telazorlimab, temtokibart, and zumilokibart, across key efficacy measures.  A PRISMA‑2020-compliant systematic review and PROSPERO‑registered protocol (CRD420251162704) identified phase 2-3 randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trials reporting week‑16 outcomes (week‑24 for rocatinlimab). A Bayesian random‑effects NMA estimated relative risks (RRs) for EASI‑75, EASI‑90, IGA‑AD 0/1, and ≥4‑point improvement in itch Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Treatment hierarchy was evaluated using both Bayesian (SUCRA) and frequentist (P‑score) approaches. Seventeen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving more than 6,000 patients were included in the analysis. Dupilumab demonstrated the most consistent and reliable efficacy across all evaluated endpoints, including improvements in EASI-75, EASI-90, IGA-AD 0/1, and itch NRS. Among investigational therapies, rocatinlimab showed a notable signal for deep clinical responses, although the available evidence remains limited and less precise. Other emerging agents, including rademikibart, temtokibart, and zumilokibart, demonstrated encouraging efficacy profiles, whereas telazorlimab showed comparatively modest clinical benefit. Ranking analyses consistently positioned dupilumab as the most reliable and highest-performing therapy overall, followed by rocatinlimab. Overall, biologic therapies were generally well tolerated in the short term; however, dupilumab remains the only agent supported by extensive long-term safety data extending up to a decade. This analysis relied on indirect comparisons anchored to short‑term placebo‑controlled induction periods, limiting assessment of long‑term safety and durability, particularly for mechanistically distinct agents such as rezpegaldesleukin, a regulatory T cell (Treg) pathway agonist, and rocatinlimab, an OXO pathway inhibitor. Evidence for several emerging therapies was restricted to small phase 2 trials, resulting in wide credible intervals (Crls) and lower certainty in comparative rankings. Trial heterogeneity in baseline severity, ethnic composition, and geographic setting may have introduced residual confounding despite sensitivity and meta‑regression analyses. These factors should be considered when interpreting relative efficacy estimates This NMA demonstrates that dupilumab remains the most reliable and effective biologic monotherapy for moderate‑to‑severe AD, supported by the greatest precision, reproducibility, and long‑term safety. Rocatinlimab shows promising investigational efficacy but requires efficacy and long-term safety validation. Zumilokibart, rademikibart, and temtokibart emerge as additional candidates with encouraging activity, whereas telazorlimab showed limited clinical benefit. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive comparative framework to inform biologic selection and therapeutic sequencing.

SSc is a rare rheumatological disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite significant recent international clinical trial activity, the yield of approved compounds has been disappointingly low. Our aim was to identify and prioritize potential ‘druggable’ targets with insights from human genetics, by integrating the available evidence with publicly available bioinformatics sources relevant for SSc drug development.

Genetic variants for SSc were identified through a search of the GWAS Catalog, and the associated-mapped genes were cross-referenced with the OpenTargets platform for drug interactions. Confirmation/validation was demonstrated through structured literature searches and review of the evidence on MEDLINE and ClinialTrials.gov for each individual drug and its association with SSc.

We identified 89 unique drugs, none of which is included in existing SSc guidelines/recommendations. Amlitelimab (anti-OX40L mAb) is currently being explored in CONQUEST (Platform Clinical Study for Conquering Scleroderma), a multicentre randomized controlled platform trial for SSc interstitial lung disease. Key groupings of drug therapies were (i) female sex hormones and function, (ii) neurotransmitter-targeting therapies, and (iii) inflammatory–fibrotic pathways. The Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in SSc, targeting known pathobiology.

Our systematic approach, combining evidence from different bioinformatics platforms, has identified drug opportunities for repurposing/druggable targets for SSc. A novel and unexpected finding was the identification of multiple neurotransmitter-targeting drug therapies, particularly relevant to SSc-related RP and gastrointestinal involvement. Future studies of these candidates for SSc drug repurposing, many of which are widely available and often inexpensive, are indicated.