神经病理性疼痛(Neuropathic Pain)发病机制概览神经病理性疼痛(neuropathic pain),又称神经性疼痛或神经病变性疼痛,是由躯体感觉神经系统本身的损伤或疾病直接引起的一类慢性疼痛综合征,全球患病率大约在 7–10% 左右,在糖尿病患者、肿瘤化疗人群、脊髓损伤以及多发性硬化等人群中发生率更高。典型病因包括糖尿病周围神经病变、带状疱疹后神经痛、化疗诱导周围神经病变、脊髓损伤相关疼痛以及三叉神经痛等,患者常描述为烧灼样、电击样、刀割样或针刺样疼痛,可伴随自发痛、触诱发痛(轻触即可引发明显疼痛)和痛觉过敏等复杂感受。与炎症性或伤害性感觉疼痛不同,神经病理性疼痛的本质是神经系统本身发生了“病理性重塑”:外周伤害感受器和背根神经节神经元在离子通道表达和放电模式上出现持久改变(例如 Nav1.7/Nav1.8/Nav1.9 等电压门控钠通道上调导致异位放电),脊髓背角及更高位中枢(丘脑、皮层)内兴奋性传入信号被持续放大,同时抑制性调节(GABA 能和甘氨酸能神经元)功能减弱,出现所谓“去抑制”(disinhibition),再加上小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞被激活,通过 P2X4/P2X7 受体、炎症因子和神经营养因子(如 BDNF)与神经元形成恶性正反馈回路,使得疼痛由急性伤害性信号演变为一种独立存在的“神经网络疾病”。在外周层面,TRPV1、TRPA1 等瞬时受体电位通道对热、机械和化学刺激高度敏化;在中枢层面,N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)介导的兴奋毒性、mTOR 及下游通路参与的可塑性改变进一步巩固了异常疼痛记忆。由于其发生基础不再是简单的炎症或组织损伤,传统非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)和阿片类镇痛药在神经病理性疼痛中的疗效普遍有限,且长期应用常受制于耐受性、不良反应和成瘾风险,这也是为什么当前指南更强调钙通道调节剂(如加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)、5-羟色胺–去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂以及局麻药贴剂等机制更贴近“神经调控”的方案。然而,即便在标准治疗下,仍有相当比例患者处于“部分缓解甚至难治”状态,提示我们仍迫切需要围绕 Nav 通道、TRPV1/P2X4/P2X7、NGF–TrkA 轴以及中枢抑制性回路等关键节点开发更精准的靶向药物和生物制剂,这也是近年来新一代小分子、单克隆抗体与基因调控疗法持续集中的研发方向。神经病理性疼痛五大核心靶点类别 / 靶点基因蛋白全称UniProt ID病理作用与代表药物1. 电压门控钠通道 (外周兴奋性)SCN9ASodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (Nav1.7)Q15858数十个选择性抑制剂在研,VX-150已Ⅲ期1. 电压门控钠通道 (外周兴奋性)SCN10ASodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha (Nav1.8)Q9Y5Y9VX-548(Vertex)2024 FDA提交上市1. 电压门控钠通道 (外周兴奋性)SCN11ASodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (Nav1.9)Q9UI33冷痛觉异常关键2. TRP & Ca²⁺通道 (多模态敏化)TRPV1Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1Q8NER1热痛核心,辣椒素贴剂已上市2. TRP & Ca²⁺通道 (多模态敏化)TRPA1Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1O75762冷痛、化学刺激2. TRP & Ca²⁺通道 (多模态敏化)TRPM8Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8Q7Z2W7冷超敏2. TRP & Ca²⁺通道 (多模态敏化)CACNA2D1Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (α2δ-1)P54289普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁直接靶点3. 神经-免疫接口 (小胶质激活)P2RX4P2X purinoceptor 4Q99571最早激活标志物3. 神经-免疫接口 (小胶质激活)P2RX7P2X purinoceptor 7Q99572多个脑渗透抑制剂Ⅱ期3. 神经-免疫接口 (小胶质激活)CCR2C-C chemokine receptor type 2P41597单核细胞浸润3. 神经-免疫接口 (小胶质激活)CX3CR1CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (Fractalkine receptor)P49238小胶质-神经元串话4. 神经营养因子轴NGFBeta-nerve growth factorP01138Tanezumab、Fasinumab抗体4. 神经营养因子轴NTRK1High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (TrkA)P04629高选择性小分子在研4. 神经营养因子轴BDNFBrain-derived neurotrophic factorP23560脊髓中枢敏化4. 神经营养因子轴NTRK2BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (TrkB)Q16620选择性拮抗剂临床前5. 中枢调制受体OPRM1Mu-type opioid receptorP35372经典强效镇痛5. 中枢调制受体OPRD1Delta-type opioid receptorP41143无成瘾风险5. 中枢调制受体OPRK1Kappa-type opioid receptorP41145外周限制性激动剂5. 中枢调制受体CNR1Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)P21554医用大麻主要靶点治疗启示(2025):Nav1.7/1.8选择性小分子、抗NGF单抗、P2X7脑渗透抑制剂、α2δ新一代配体已成为最有希望的疾病修饰策略;联合外周+中枢双靶点是未来趋势。 对实验设计的启示:体外模型中,可通过调节 Nav1.7 / Nav1.8、TRPV1 或 P2X7 的表达与功能,模拟外周神经元兴奋性与神经炎症。在体模型中,可联合检测 NGF/BDNF-Trk 轴与小胶质激活标志物(如 P2X4、CX3CR1),构建从外周到中枢敏化的完整 readout 体系。 想要了解其他神经系统疾病的相关靶点(如阿尔茨海默病、、、亨廷顿病等),可参考 。Fig 1. 神经病理性疼痛核心通路(PMID: 39996814)神经病理性疼痛最新研究进展以下表格总结了神经病理性疼痛领域的关键临床与基础研究突破,数据来源于顶级期刊、临床试验注册与权威机构。进展主题关键发现/试验结果发表/更新时间潜在影响引用来源VX-548(Vertex,Nav1.8)两项Ⅲ期急性痛试验达标,2024年底向FDA提交NDA,神经病理性疼痛适应症扩展试验启动;Phase 2显示在糖尿病周围神经痛中显著降低痛感评分2024 NEJM + Vertex公告首个非阿片类、高选择性Nav抑制剂有望打破30年镇痛药空白[1]抗NGF抗体长期安全性Tanezumab骨关节炎痛Ⅲ期联合NSAIDs安全性可控,某些抗NGF抗体在特定适应症与给药方案下,安全性信号逐步明确,相关临床限制有所调整2024 Ann Rheum Dis重启神经病理性疼痛适应症开发[2]P2X7脑渗透抑制剂JNJ-55308942等多个候选药在糖尿病神经痛Ⅱ期显示剂量依赖镇痛;2025年系列论文证实P2X7在小胶质激活中的核心作用2024-2025临床更新 + Pain期刊神经炎症-疼痛轴首款潜在疾病修饰药[3]NGF-TrkA轴机制综述NGF通过激活TrkA增强Nav1.7表达,促进外周敏化;抑制NGF可逆转TRPV1转导2025 Curr Issues Mol Biol支持抗NGF单抗在神经病变性疼痛的应用[4]小胶质激活综述P2X4/P2X7介导ATP驱动的IL-1β释放,是神经炎症-神经病理痛典型靶点2022 Int J Mol Sci指导小胶质模型实验设计[5]Nav1.7/1.8交互作用Nav1.8与Nav1.7协同驱动神经元过度兴奋;在神经病理性疼痛模型中双敲除显著缓解痛敏2024 J Gen Physiol支持联合Nav抑制策略[6]TRPV1双向作用TRPV1敏化导致热痛觉过敏,脱敏(如高浓度辣椒素)则产生镇痛2024 Front Mol Neurosci解释辣椒素贴剂临床疗效[7]纳米材料慢性疼痛治疗新型纳米递送系统可靶向DRG或脊髓,实现精准镇痛2025 J Headache Pain跨疾病慢性疼痛新策略[8]abinScience 神经病理性疼痛研究重组蛋白与抗体产品清单以下为 abinScience 针对神经病理性疼痛核心靶点的全部102款产品,已按类别分组并默认折叠(点击“展开”即可查看完整清单)。对合作伙伴与经销商意味着:一个覆盖 Nav1.7、TRPV1、P2X7、NGF-TrkA、α2δ-1、阿片受体、大麻素受体等全通路的完整产品矩阵,支持从体外筛选到在体模型的全流程实验。统一批次质控与详尽技术资料,方便快速向客户推荐。货号品名(英文全称)HC047012Recombinant Human Delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1) Protein, N-His-KSIHX943012Recombinant Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Protein, N-HisHY107012Recombinant Human High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NTRK1) Protein, N-HisHW331012Recombinant Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHS929022Recombinant Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHB935022Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisMB935012Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisHB822012Recombinant Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHS929012Recombinant Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Protein, N-HisHP943012Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHP943022Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Protein, N-HisHB935011Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, C-HisHV713012Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) Protein, N-HisHV711012Recombinant Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Protein, N-HisHS892012Recombinant Human BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (NTRK2) Protein, N-HisHB935012Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisHF909012Recombinant Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Protein, N-HisHF909011Recombinant Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Protein, C-FcHF525012Recombinant Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) Protein, N-His货号品名(英文全称)HC047012Recombinant Human Delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1) Protein, N-His-KSIHX943012Recombinant Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Protein, N-HisHY107012Recombinant Human High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NTRK1) Protein, N-HisHW331012Recombinant Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHS929022Recombinant Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHB935022Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisMB935012Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisHB822012Recombinant Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHS929012Recombinant Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Protein, N-HisHP943012Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Protein, N-GST & C-HisHP943022Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Protein, N-HisHB935011Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, C-HisHV713012Recombinant Human P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) Protein, N-HisHV711012Recombinant Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Protein, N-HisHS892012Recombinant Human BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (NTRK2) Protein, N-HisHB935012Recombinant Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Protein, N-HisHF909012Recombinant Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Protein, N-HisHF909011Recombinant Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Protein, C-FcHF525012Recombinant Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) Protein, N-His货号品名(英文全称)HW331033Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Antibody (SAA2443)HF909013Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Antibody (PG110)HF909116Research Grade povovetugHA561013Anti-Human Mu-type opioid receptor (OPRM1) Antibody (BMS986122)HC047014Anti-Human Delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1) Polyclonal AntibodyHX943014Anti-Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Polyclonal AntibodyHY107014Anti-Human High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NTRK1) Polyclonal AntibodyHW331014Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Polyclonal AntibodyHW331023Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Nanobody (11H11)HB822043Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/22)HB822023Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/26)HB822033Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/49)HB822010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (5D12)HB822020InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (5G11)HB822030InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (6B7)HS929013Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Antibody (SAA1834)HA935013Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (SCN11A) Antibody (SAA1857)HW331013Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Antibody (SAA1640)HX943013Anti-Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Antibody (SAA1645)HV711013Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Antibody (SAA1705)HW387013Anti-Human Kappa-type opioid receptor (OPRK1) Nanobody (SAA1169)HB822013Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (SAA1274)HB935010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Iv0093)HF909010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) (Iv0066)HB822014Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Polyclonal AntibodyHF525014Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) Polyclonal AntibodyHV711014Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Polyclonal AntibodyHS929014Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Polyclonal AntibodyHP943014Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Polyclonal AntibodyHP943024Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Polyclonal AntibodyHV713014Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) Polyclonal AntibodyHS892014Anti-Human BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (NTRK2) Polyclonal AntibodyHB935014Anti-Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Polyclonal AntibodyHF909014Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Polyclonal AntibodyDF909018Tanezumab ELISA KitHF909016Research Grade TanezumabHF909026Research Grade FasinumabHF909036Research Grade Fulranumab货号品名(英文全称)HW331033Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Antibody (SAA2443)HF909013Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Antibody (PG110)HF909116Research Grade povovetugHA561013Anti-Human Mu-type opioid receptor (OPRM1) Antibody (BMS986122)HC047014Anti-Human Delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1) Polyclonal AntibodyHX943014Anti-Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Polyclonal AntibodyHY107014Anti-Human High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NTRK1) Polyclonal AntibodyHW331014Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Polyclonal AntibodyHW331023Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Nanobody (11H11)HB822043Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/22)HB822023Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/26)HB822033Anti-Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Antibody (L112/49)HB822010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (5D12)HB822020InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (5G11)HB822030InVivoMAb Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (6B7)HS929013Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Antibody (SAA1834)HA935013Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (SCN11A) Antibody (SAA1857)HW331013Anti-Human CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Antibody (SAA1640)HX943013Anti-Human Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1) Antibody (SAA1645)HV711013Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Antibody (SAA1705)HW387013Anti-Human Kappa-type opioid receptor (OPRK1) Nanobody (SAA1169)HB822013Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Nanobody (SAA1274)HB935010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Iv0093)HF909010InVivoMAb Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) (Iv0066)HB822014Anti-Human Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) Polyclonal AntibodyHF525014Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) Polyclonal AntibodyHV711014Anti-Human Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) Polyclonal AntibodyHS929014Anti-Human Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha (SCN9A) Polyclonal AntibodyHP943014Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Polyclonal AntibodyHP943024Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4) Polyclonal AntibodyHV713014Anti-Human P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) Polyclonal AntibodyHS892014Anti-Human BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (NTRK2) Polyclonal AntibodyHB935014Anti-Human Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Polyclonal AntibodyHF909014Anti-Human Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) Polyclonal AntibodyDF909018Tanezumab ELISA KitHF909016Research Grade TanezumabHF909026Research Grade FasinumabHF909036Research Grade FulranumababinScience:以高品质重组蛋白与精准抗体,赋能神经病理性疼痛机制研究与药物开发。如需根据课题或在研管线定制靶点 panel,欢迎与 abinScience 技术支持support@abinscience.com。参考文献Khalil MW, et al. Selective inhibition of NaV1.8 with VX-548 for acute pain: results from randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2023.Hochberg MC, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tanezumab versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for hip or knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(5):859–871.Ursu D, et al. Gain and loss of function of P2X7 receptors: mechanisms, pharmacology and relevance to diabetic neuropathic pain. Mol Pain. 2014;10:37. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-10-37.García-Domínguez M. NGF in neuropathic pain: understanding its role and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47(2):93. doi:10.3390/cimb47020093.Chen T, et al. Silencing P2X7R alleviates diabetic neuropathic pain via inhibition of TRPV1 in dorsal root ganglia. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7799. doi:10.3390/ijms23147799.Vasylyev DV, et al. Interplay of Nav1.8 and Nav1.7 channels drives neuronal hyperexcitability in neuropathic pain. J Gen Physiol. 2024;156(11):e202413596. doi:10.1085/jgp.202413596.Gao N, et al. The dual role of TRPV1 in peripheral neuropathic pain: pain switches caused by its sensitization or desensitization. Front Mol Neurosci. 2024;17:1400118. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1400118.Sun R, et al. Emerging treatments for chronic neuropathic pain from a cross-disease perspective: developments and applications of nanomaterials. J Headache Pain. 2025;26:143. doi:10.1186/s10194-025-02081-5.仅限科研使用。不得用于诊断或治疗。