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局部进展期结直肠癌新辅助治疗在过去20年已取得较大进步,但仍存在不良反应、器官功能障碍及远期转移控制不理想等局限性。而近年来,随着手术技术的提高和肿瘤分子分型研究的进一步发展,如何进一步提高局部控制率,减少远处转移率,甚至根据临床缓解情况免除手术、保留器官是当前患者的需求所在和研究目标。
在第27届全国临床肿瘤学大会暨2024年CSCO学术年会上,我们针对局部进展期结直肠癌的免疫治疗现状,对英国伦敦大学医院Kai-Keen Shiu教授进行了专访,现将内容整理如下,以飨读者。
肿瘤瞭望消化时讯:能否请您谈谈当前局部进展期结直肠癌新辅助治疗现状及趋势?
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu:当前,在治疗分期较早的结直肠癌患者,我们往往先根据分子分型,将其分为错配修复正常(pMMR)和错配修复缺陷(dMMR)型,因为两者目前的治疗方法截然不同。对于pMMR的结肠癌患者,我们一般建议手术切除后进行辅助化疗,化疗时间通常为3~6个月,可采用单药或联合用药方案。而对于直肠癌患者,当前我们已开始进行新辅助治疗,包括新辅助放化疗以及最近出现的放化疗联合全程新辅助治疗。
令人振奋的是,对于dMMR结直肠癌患者,免疫疗法已展现出显著疗效,尤其是在转移性环境中。目前研究者正在探索将其作为一线新辅助治疗手段,在Ⅱ期试验中,结果非常显著:相当比例(50% ~ 80%)的患者达到完全病理缓解。这标志着治疗范式的转变,因为这些患者不仅实现了肿瘤降期,而且在并发症极少的情况下获得了良好的手术结果。这些试验结果一致表明,患者反应良好且复发率较低。
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu: In treating early-stage colorectal cancer, we now distinguish between MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient/MSI-high subtypes, as they require different therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, for MMR-proficient colon cancer, we recommend surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, typically for three to six months, using either a single agent or a combination regimen. For rectal cancer, treatment has evolved towards a neoadjuvant approach, involving either chemoradiotherapy or, more recently, total neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.
Excitingly, for the MMR-deficient group, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy, particularly in metastatic settings, and is now being explored as a first-line neoadjuvant treatment. In Phase II trials, the results have been extraordinary: a significant proportion of patients experience complete pathological responses, ranging from 50% to 80%. This is a paradigm shift, as these patients are not only seeing tumor downstaging but also achieving excellent surgical outcomes with minimal complications. These trials consistently demonstrate that patients respond well and have low relapse rates.
肿瘤瞭望消化时讯:能否请您谈谈如何筛选新辅助免疫治疗的优势人群?
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu:免疫治疗优势人群的筛选确实至关重要,要做到这点,首先我们需要准确诊断dMMR/MSI-H状态;其次需要进行仔细的影像学分期,以避免分期过度,因为dMMR肿瘤可能伴有淋巴结炎性增大。当然,要做出准确判断,还需要多学科专家共同努力,包括病理学家进行诊断、胃肠病学家进行初步评估以及外科医生确定最佳干预时机。
目前,在英国的临床实验中,如果患者需要进行免疫治疗,我们设置了严格患者资质评估标准,比如,病理学家需确保患者是该疗法的有效治疗人群,外科医生也需确认免疫治疗可以作为术前新辅助治疗等等。但是,在临床试验之外,我仍然主张手术作为符合条件患者的标准治疗,特别是考虑到免疫治疗在dMMR病例中最为有效,而对MMR功能正常的患者使用免疫治疗几乎没有获益。当然,这也凸显了准确诊断的必要性。
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu: Patient selection is indeed crucial. Accurate diagnosis of MMR-deficiency or MSI-high status is the first step, followed by careful radiological staging to avoid overstaging, as MMR-deficient tumors can present with inflammatory lymph nodes. This collaborative approach involves pathologists for diagnosis, gastroenterologists for initial assessments, and surgeons for optimal timing of intervention.
In the UK, I currently offer these therapies within clinical trials, which enables strict criteria for patient eligibility. However, educating pathologists to perform reflex testing and preparing surgeons for neoadjuvant timing are essential steps toward broader implementation. Outside clinical trials, I still advocate surgery as the standard of care for eligible patients, especially given that immunotherapy is most effective in MMR-deficient cases. Administering immunotherapy to MMR-proficient patients offers little benefit, highlighting the need for accurate diagnostics.
肿瘤瞭望消化时讯:能否请您深入探讨一下新辅助免疫治疗在MSI-H局部进展期结直肠癌中的应用前景及其为患者带来的具体临床获益?
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu:MSI-H患者新辅助免疫治疗的临床获益极为显著,尽管现有证据主要源自Ⅱ期试验。而荷兰Myriam Chalabi博士领衔的NICHE-2试验所报告的3年无病生存率则高达100%,这一结果在2024年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)年会和2024年欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)年会进行了公布。尽管NICHE-2并非随机试验,但如果采用随机设计,很可能会使对照组提前终止。这些数据极具说服力,即便没有得到Ⅲ期试验的验证,新辅助免疫治疗持久疗效的潜力也已显露无遗。此外,NEOPRISM、Neoshot及IMHOTEP等其他Ⅱ期试验同样验证了这一显著获益。
接下来,我们将深化肿瘤学家、制药公司及监管机构之间的协作,致力于使这些创新疗法惠及更多患者。通过合理的优化策略,我们有望实现在短暂的治疗周期内,使超过90%的MSI-H患者获得治愈的可能。随着患者对免疫治疗益处的认识日益加深,他们愈发主动地寻求相关咨询。面对这一趋势,我们团队将持续更新专业知识,以更好地满足患者的需求与期望。
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu: The clinical benefits of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in MSI-high cases are substantial. Although current evidence comes primarily from Phase II trials, the NICHE-2 trial, led by Dr. Myriam Chalabi in the Netherlands, reported 100% disease-free survival at three years. This was presented at ASCO and ESMO and, while not a randomized trial, would likely have ended the control arm early if it had been. The data is compelling: even without a Phase III confirmation, these findings suggest tremendous potential for durable outcomes. Other Phase II trials, such as NEOPRISM, NEOSHOT, and IMHOTEP, reinforce this benefit.
Our next steps involve collaboration—between oncologists, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory bodies—to bring these therapies to patients. If optimized, this approach could allow us to cure over 90% of MSI-high patients with brief treatment durations. Patients are increasingly informed about immunotherapy's benefits and often initiate discussions on their own, highlighting the demand and the need for our teams to remain updated.
肿瘤瞭望消化时讯:能否分享一下你们对新辅助免疫治疗在MSI-H局部进展期结直肠癌领域未来研究方向?
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu: 当前众多正在开展的试验均开始融合多元化的生物标志物分析手段,包括液体活检、循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)分析、T细胞受体(TCR)复杂性评估、全外显子组及全基因组测序,甚至引入了源自患者活检的类器官来进行个性化药物测试。
通过这些研究,我们正逐步揭示不仅限于MSI-H(微卫星不稳定高)环境,还可能惠及更晚期病例的重要发现。部分研究聚焦于预测耐药性的生物标志物,旨在将免疫治疗的获益拓展至MMR功能正常的患者群体。此外,ctDNA的分析可能为采用非手术治疗策略提供有力支持,这对于那些对手术有抵触情绪的患者(例如,希望保留肠道功能的Lynch综合征患者)尤为重要。
综上所述,这些生物标志物的应用不仅将提升MSI-H肿瘤的治疗精准度,更有望拓宽免疫治疗的适用范围。
Dr. Kai-Keen Shiu: Many ongoing trials integrate extensive biomarker analysis, including liquid biopsies, cDNA, TCR complexity, whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, and even patient-derived organoids from biopsies for personalized drug testing.
We’re gaining insights that not only help in MSI-high settings but also might apply to more advanced cases. Some of our research focuses on biomarkers that predict resistance, potentially allowing us to extend the benefits of immunotherapy to the MMR-proficient population. Additionally, circulating DNA (cDNA) could support non-operative management strategies—a crucial factor for patients who are resistant to surgery, like some with Lynch syndrome who may wish to preserve their bowel function.
Ultimately, these biomarkers will not only enhance treatment precision for MSI-high tumors but could also expand immunotherapy’s reach.
(来源:肿瘤瞭望消化时讯)
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