Lonafarnib

Asymmetric Synthesis of US - FDA Approved Drugs over Five Years (2016–2020): A Recapitulation of Chirality” 由 Rekha Tamatam 和 Dongyun Shin 撰写。论文强调了 2016 - 2020 年期间 FDA 批准的手性药物的合成方法，特别关注通过手性诱导、拆分或手性池进行的不对称合成。 手性药物具有多种优势，包括： （1）由于更好的药代动力学和药效学性质，手性药物与非手性对应物相比可能具有更高的效力； （2）通过分离特定的对映体，手性药物可以减少不必要的副作用； （3）手性药物可以通过靶向特定的酶或受体来增强药物传递； （4）使用单一异构体可以降低生产成本，从而降低患者的药品价格。 一个手性中心的药物的合成方法 1.1. Lifitegrast (2016) ： Lifitegrast 由美国加利福尼亚州布里斯班的 SARcode Bioscience 公司研发，用于治疗干眼症。Lifitegrast 的全合成从市售的手性底物3-溴-L-苯丙氨酸开始，经过10步反应完成，产率为 88%。 1.2. Acalabrutinib (2017)： 阿卡拉布替尼由阿塞塔制药公司研发，用于治疗套细胞淋巴瘤（MCL）。从 4-溴苯甲酸（ ）出发，经过四步反应得到中间体 。市售的手性脯氨酸衍生物 与 通过酰氯进行酰胺化反应，以 86% 的产率生成阿卡拉布替尼。 1.3. Pemafibrate (2017) ： 培米贝特由兴和制药公司研发，用于治疗高脂血症。手性片段 由对映体纯的（S）-2-羟基丁内酯（ ）在三甲基硅基碘存在下通过开环反应合成。 的氢化还原以及使用2,6-二甲基吡啶进行的三氟甲磺酸酯加成生成 。 在碳酸钾和乙腈作用下发生构型翻转，以 75%的产率生成培米贝特。 1.4. Letermovir (2017) AiCuris公司开发了莱特莫韦用于治疗巨细胞病毒感染。在尿素环化步骤中，莱特莫韦中引入了一个手性中心。尿素在金鸡纳碱类相转移催化剂存在下，于磷酸钾水溶液和甲苯的双相混合物中发生环化反应，生成喹唑啉酮外消旋体（A12）。 1.5. Netarsudil(2017） 艾尔建制药公司开发了奈他舒地尔用于治疗高眼压症。Evans噁唑烷酮（A15）作为手性助剂，随后在过氧化氢存在下被去除。二酯A14进行区域选择性水解，接着通过酰氯形成和酰胺化反应生成酯衍生物A16。用LiHMDS和Boc保护的苯并三唑基甲胺处理Evans噁唑烷酮化合物生成A17，奈他舒地尔的关键立体化学结构通过A17构建。 1.6. Niraparib (2017) 默克公司发现并由泰萨罗公司开发的尼拉帕利，通过酰氯形成和酰胺化反应生成酯衍生物A16。尼拉帕利用于治疗腹膜癌。具有一个手性中心的尼拉帕利从哌啶亚单元获得，由溴苯（A19）合成。亚硫酸氢盐加合物在ATA-302酶催化和吡哆醛-5-磷酸（PLP）共催化下进行转氨酶反应，生成手性哌啶A22。 1.7. Lorlatinib (2018） 洛拉替尼由辉瑞公司研发，是一种肿瘤药物。洛拉替尼是一种大环化合物，由手性醇中间体A25构建而成。这个关键步骤涉及使用生物催化剂进行对映选择性还原。 1.8. Elobixibat Hydrate (2018) EA制药公司和持田制药公司开发了依洛昔巴特水合物，用于治疗慢性特发性便秘。在TBTU和甲基（R-2-氨基-2-苯基乙酸A28存在下，通过酸酯偶联生成单一手性碳。 1.9. Tezacaftor (2018) 由Vertex 制药公司发现和开发，特扎卡福是一种广泛作用的囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子（CFTR）。它的规模化合成（方案9）从3-氟-4-硝基苯胺A31开始。其区域选择性溴化从3-氟-4-硝基苯胺开始，与N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺（NBS）反应生成中间体A32。市售的（R）-缩水甘油基苄基醚A33通过酸催化开环在苯胺上诱导手性，接着还原硝基得到A34。后续步骤，包括Sonogashira偶联、Larock型环化和酸 - 胺偶联，以84%的产率得到特扎卡福。 1.10. Pyrotinib Maleate (2018) 恒瑞制药研发了马来酸吡咯替尼，它是一种泛ErbB受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，用于治疗转移性乳腺癌。马来酸吡咯替尼的千克级合成下图所示。手性片段A37由N-Boc-D-脯氨醇A36经过四步反应合成。 1.11. Encorafenib (2018) 康奈非尼与比美替尼（binimetinib）联合使用，用于治疗转移性黑色素瘤。目前，康奈非尼由辉瑞公司销售。手性的引入方式如下：在碱的存在下，用氯甲酸苄酯和氯甲酸甲酯处理(S)-(−)-1,2-二氨基丙烷二盐酸盐A39，生成氨基甲酸酯衍生物A40。经过氢化后，得到手性亚基A41。 1.12. Duvelisib Monohydrate (2018) Duvelisib一水合物最初由因泰利金（Intellikine）公司开发，后来授权给维瑞斯姆肿瘤公司（Verastem Oncology），用于治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病和小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤。因泰利金公司公布的Duvelisib一水合物的千克级合成方法在方案12中进行了讨论。用正己基锂处理的韦恩瑞布酰胺（Weinreb amide）A44与苯甲酰胺A43结合，经过四步反应形成手性异喹啉A45。在最后一步中，在甲醇中用D-酒石酸进行盐析，然后用氨水提高A45的对映体纯度。 1.13. Elagolix sodium(2018) 艾拉戈利克斯钠用于治疗子宫内膜异位症女性患者，由艾伯维和神经分泌生物科学公司开发。与度维利塞一水合物类似，在尿嘧啶与甲磺酸酯衍生物进行烷基化的过程中引入手性；后者化合物是由(−)-N-叔丁氧羰基-D-α-苯甘氨醇与甲磺酰氯反应合成。 1.14. Tegoprazan (2018) 泰戈泊扎兰最初由辉瑞公司发现，后由乐化制药和CJ医疗进一步开发，用于治疗胃食管反流病（GERD）。泰戈泊扎兰的可扩展合成方法如方案14所示。在三正丁基膦和1,1′-(偶氮二甲酰)二哌啶（ADDP）存在下，在苯并咪唑环上引入对映纯的苯并二氢吡喃醇侧链A53是合成的关键步骤。然后，3,5-二氟苯酚（A50）与丙炔酸甲酯发生缩合反应，生成E式和Z式（1:1混合物）的烯醇醚（A51）。接着进行氢化，随后进行分子内傅克酰基化反应，并用硼杂噁唑烷催化剂（A52）进行不对称还原，生成苯并二氢吡喃醇（A53）。最后，对后者进行重结晶，得到对映纯的手性亚基A53。 1.15. Alpelisib (2019) 诺华制药开发了阿培利司。它用于治疗转移性乳腺癌。在合成的最后一步中，在三乙胺存在下，通过L-脯氨酸酰胺A56在A55的咪唑环上引入手性中心（方案15）。 1.16. Solriamfetol (2019) 索利氨酯由 SK 生物制药公司开发，用于治疗与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）和发作性睡病相关的埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征（EDS）。索利氨酯的千克级合成如方案16所示。在酸的存在下，由D-苯丙氨醇（A58）和氰酸钠一步合成索利氨酯，产率为89%。 1.17. Pretomanid (2019) 普瑞玛尼是一种抗分枝杆菌药物，用于治疗结核病（TB）。它是结核病联盟开发的首个抗结核药物。环氧化物A61在二异丙基乙胺存在下与前手性硝基咪唑A60偶联，发挥其作为手性底物的作用，生成A62。 1.18. Zanubrutinib (2019) 百济神州开发了泽布替尼用于治疗套细胞淋巴瘤。与上述的手性库方法不同，泽布替尼是首个通过手性拆分方法生产的药物。泽布替尼通过用L-二苯甲酰酒石酸（LDBTA）处理，以拆分方法获得其纯对映体形式。 1.19. Darolutamide (2019) 达罗他胺用于治疗非转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌。它由奥立安集团和拜耳医药保健有限公司开发。达罗他胺不对称合成的关键步骤是将手性异丙胺片段插入到的联芳基骨架中，然后通过酸介导脱除片段上的 Boc 保护基，生成中间体A68。 1.20. Cenobamate (2019) SK制药公司开发了西诺巴胺，用于治疗部分性发作癫痫。方案20中展示的酶催化过程概述了其在胶红酵母（一种氧化还原酶）存在下的不对称催化氢化。 1.21. Avapritinib (2020) 通过手性拆分（Chiralresolution）A73。Blueprint医药开发了阿伐替尼（avapritinib），用于治疗转移性胃肠道癌症。通过超临界流体色谱分离中间体A73进行手性拆分，以68%的产率生成对映纯的阿伐替尼。 1.22. Berotralstat (2020) 贝罗司他用于预防遗传性血管性水肿（HAE）发作。与阿伐替尼的合成方法相同，在最后一步通过超临界流体色谱法以纯对映体形式合成贝罗司他。 1.23. Lonafarnib (2020) 洛那法尼用于治疗哈钦森-吉尔福德早衰症综合征（HGPS）。与贝罗司他不同，洛那法尼的手性是通过手性分离获得的。中间体A77经二异丁基氢化铝（DIBAL）还原后进行手性分离，生成具有一个立体中心的手性亚基A78。这些连续的步骤产生洛那法尼。 1.24. Osilodrostat (2020） 奥西卓司他用于治疗库欣病，是一种11β-羟化酶抑制剂。手性奥西卓司他的生成方式与贝罗司他类似。中间体A80通过手性高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离直接生成药物。 1.25. Oliceridine (2020) 奥利塞林，一种中枢神经系统（CNS）药物，用于治疗中度至重度急性疼痛。在奥利塞林的全合成中，手性中间体A83通过A82的脱羧反应获得，随后进行超临界流体色谱（SFC）手性分离。 1.26. Remimazolam (2020) Acacia制药公司开发了瑞马唑仑，一种超短效苯二氮䓬类药物。在氯仿中用手性底物A86处理A85，生成了取代产物，该产物经过碱促进的F-moc脱保护和乙酸促进的缩合反应，经过三步生成环化中间体A87。 1.27. Ozanimod (2020) 奥扎尼莫德用于治疗复发型多发性硬化症。手性亚磺酰胺片段A90作为手性辅助基团，通过在A91的茚上插入一个手性中心来发挥作用（方案27）。片段A90与茚衍生物A89作为手性辅助基团，通过在茚上插入一个手性中心来发挥作用。奥扎尼莫德由中间体通过连续步骤合成A91. 两个手性中心的药物的合成方法 未完待续！ 声明：发表/转载本文仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，并不意味着代表本公众号观点或证实其内容的真实性。据此内容作出的任何判断，后果自负。若有侵权，告知必删！ 长按关注本公众号  粉丝群/投稿/授权/广告等 请联系公众号助手 觉得本文好看，请点这里↓

New Trial to Study Progerinin Treatment for Ultra-Rare Condition BUSAN, KOREA; PEABODY, MA; and GERMANTOWN, MD / ACCESSWIRE / October 2, 2024 / The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized the start of patient enrollment for a Phase 2a clinical trial of Progerinin, an investigational drug being developed for the treatment of Progeria. Advancing the development of Progerinin could potentially provide an additional treatment for this fatal disease. PRG Science & Technology logo Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (“Progeria”) is an ultra-rare, genetic, “rapid-aging” condition affecting approximately 1 in 18 million people. Without treatment, children with Progeria die of heart disease at an average age of 14.5 years old. Progeria is caused by a random genetic mutation that produces an overabundance of the toxic protein, progerin. The accumulation of progerin occurs with aging in the general population, in the cardiovascular system and elsewhere in the body, such as the skin. In children and young adults with Progeria, the rate of progerin accumulation is highly accelerated, resulting in progressive cellular damage and atherosclerotic heart disease. Progerinin was developed by Korean-based biotech company PRG Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (PRG S&T) with research funding from The Progeria Research Foundation (PRF). The trial is a collaborative effort between PRG S&T, PRF, and trial site Boston Children’s Hospital, and will be managed by contract research organization Amarex. In the Phase 2a randomized open label trial, Progerinin will be administered in combination with the current standard-of-care, Zokinvy, to 10 patients with Progeria and Progeroid Laminopathies (PL) who are one year of age and older. Zokinvy has been shown to increase lifespan in a Progeria mouse model by 25%, and data published in the journal Cells in April 2023 indicated that Progerinin showed a potential increase in Progeria mouse lifespan by 50%. Zokinvy works by blocking the toxic, disease-causing protein, progerin, from developing and attacking normal cells, while Progerinin appears to reduce the level of progerin that accumulates in the body. Currently, Zokinvy is the only treatment for Progeria and PL approved by the FDA (in 2020), the European Medicines Agency (EMA, in 2022) and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW, in 2024). “Since its establishment, PRG S&T has focused on developing rare genetic disease treatments. This clinical trial demonstrates PRG S&T’s R&D capabilities to improve access to new drugs and expand treatment opportunities for children with progeria worldwide,” said Bumjoon Park, president of PRG S&T. “PRG S&T will focus on R&D and technological innovation to accelerate the development of treatments, including preparation for follow-up clinical trials, and lead to the development of new drugs.” “This new trial represents another step forward in our mission to treat and cure these amazing children and young adults with Progeria,” said PRF Executive Director Audrey Gordon, Esq. “Each Progeria clinical trial builds on learnings from our previous trials, so that we are continually making progress toward even better treatments and the cure. Most importantly, we are grateful for the courage and resilience of these children and young adults with Progeria and their families for participating in research programs and contributing to this important mission.” “Patients with Progeria and their families deserve more options,” said Dr. Kush Dhody, President, Amarex Clinical Research. “This is an especially devastating diagnosis given the shortened lifespan it causes. We’re honored to support a study that brings more hope to these patients.” About Progeria Progeria, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), and PL are ultra-rare, multisystemic, premature aging diseases that accelerate mortality in young patients. Progeria is caused by a genetic mutation in the LMNA (“lamin A”) gene, and results in a disease-causing abnormal protein called progerin. There are approximately 400-450 children and young adults worldwide with Progeria. Thanks to PRF-funded research, we now know that progerin is produced in all of us as we age, but at a much lower rate than in children with Progeria. Due to this discovery of the biological connection between Progeria, heart disease and aging, finding the cure for one of the rarest diseases on earth could provide keys for treating millions of adults with heart disease and stroke associated with the natural aging process, as well as help the entire aging population. About PRG Science & Technology Co., Ltd. PRG S&T is a research & development company specializing in the treatment of rare genetic diseases. PRG S&T has been developing therapeutics for rare genetic diseases (laminopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, neuro-oncology etc.) with small molecules, which are derived from target sites on aberrant Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI). All four pipelines currently in PRG S&T’s possession have been designated as orphan drugs by the US FDA. Progerinin, the investigational treatment for Progeria has been approved by the FDA to enter phase 2 clinical trials, and is about to enter Phase2 at Boston Children’s Hospital. The non-clinical study of PRG-N-01, the treatment for neurofibromatosis type2, has been completed. IND for Phase I/II of PRG-N-01 has been approved by the Korea FDA and has been administered to patients at Asan Medical Center (South Korea) in June 2024. If these two drugs, Progerinin and PRG-N-01, are developed successfully, they are expected to become first-in-class innovative new drugs. For more information, please visit . About The Progeria Research Foundation The Progeria Research Foundation (PRF) was established in 1999 by the family of Sam Berns, a child with Progeria. Within four years of its founding, the PRF Genetics Consortium discovered the Progeria gene, a collaboration led by Dr. Francis Collins, former Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). PRF has funded and co-coordinated all lonafarnib-associated clinical trials for Progeria and Progeroid Laminopathies, conducted at Boston Children’s Hospital, and supports scientists who conduct Progeria research worldwide. PRF’s International Patient Registry includes over 370 children with Progeria in 70 countries. PRF is the only non-profit organization solely dedicated to finding treatments and the cure for Progeria and its aging-related conditions, including heart disease. The organization fills a void, putting these children and Progeria at the forefront of scientific efforts. For more information and to support PRF’s mission, please visit . About Amarex Clinical Research, LLC, an NSF company Amarex Clinical Research, LLC, is a global, full-service Contract Research Organization (CRO) with significant expertise conducting biomedical research. The leadership team’s combined experience includes the design and conduct of several hundred clinical research projects in many therapeutic indications. Amarex provides services in Project Management: Phase I-IV, BE/BA, PK/PD; Regulatory Affairs: FDA Applications and meetings, applications to International Health Authorities, GxP Compliance Audits; Clinical Operations; Adaptive Study Designs; Statistical Analysis; Data Management; Medical Monitoring; Safety and Pharmacovigilance; and General Consulting. Amarex can take your product through the entire approval process, from creating the regulatory approval strategy, to conducting trials, to writing the marketing approval application. Join our growing list of clients with approved products assisted by quality, cost-efficient services. For more information visit . Contact Information Eleanor Maillie PRF emaillie@progeriaresearch.org 978.879.9244 Sunghee Kim PRG S&T shkim@prgst.com Kalli DeWeese Amarex kdeweese@nsf.org Related Images PRG Science & Technology logo Amarex Clinical Research logo PRF logo SOURCE: The Progeria Research Foundation View the original press release on newswire.com.