micronutrients deficiency

原发性干燥病（Sjögren′s disease，SjD）是一种免疫介导的慢性、炎症性疾病，临床表现极为复杂。除常见的外分泌腺功能障碍外，神经和精神系统也常受影响，严重影响患者的生活质量、社会参与度和预后。然而，在SjD患者中，其神经和精神症状常被忽视，且尚未得到全面、系统的评估。 鉴于SjD引起的神经、精神和认知障碍的病理生理学基础尚不完全清楚，且缺乏明确的诊断、调查及管理标准，当前的治疗策略主要遵循一般指导方针。因此，深入探索SjD患者神经和精神系统病变的病理机制，寻找共同的分子特征，并结合临床参数进行综合分析，对于提高诊断准确性、优化治疗方案及改善患者预后具有重要意义。 巴西风湿病学会工作小组对原发性SjD的中枢、周围和自主神经系统表现的诊断和患病率进行了系统回顾，并提出针对性的诊断和管理建议，以期为临床实践提供新的思路与参考。 研究共纳入51项研究，重点关注并分析了周围神经系统和中枢神经系统相关内容，并在此基础上制定了10条建议。 ▲选择用于荟萃分析的关于SjD的神经和精神表现的诊断和流行的研究流程图（图片来源：参考文献[1]) 主要观点 SjD的神经系统受累在解剖学上分为三大类：中枢神经系统、周围神经系统和自主神经系统。 尽管欧洲抗风湿病联盟干燥综合征疾病活动指数（ESSDAI）这一疾病活动评估工具纳入了部分神经系统表现，但其并未对某些神经和精神方面的表现进行评估。 神经系统症状可能比干燥症状早几年出现，这进一步增加了诊断SjD的困难性。 与干燥综合征相关的神经和精神障碍展现了一个广泛且高度异质性的临床表现谱系，其中一些症状往往未被识别为潜在疾病的一部分。 推荐意见 01 建议将ESSDAI作为诊断和评估SjD期间神经系统疾病活动的辅助工具。（同意度100%） 02 建议对患有神经系统综合征的患者进行SjD检查，即使患者没有出现干燥症状，尤其是当其他诊断线索无明显进展时。（同意度100%） 03 对于有自身免疫证据（如抗核抗体、抗Ro/SSA抗体、抗La/SSB抗体、冷球蛋白、类风湿因子）、存在生物标志物（高γ球蛋白血症、低补体水平）、有干燥症状或既往诊断为SjD的患者，建议关注神经系统疾病。（同意度100%） 04 建议对SjD和神经系统疾病患者进行管理，或与专业知识中心密切合作，采用多学科方法。（同意度100%） 周围神经系统 主要观点 周围神经系统的表现通常与体质和内脏症状以及血清生物标志物的改变有关。这些情况可能与ESSDAI评估的较高疾病活动率相关，尽管该工具没有考虑到许多潜在的表现。 周围神经系统受累比中枢神经受累更常见，其中一些可导致较差的生活质量和淋巴瘤的风险增加。 周围神经病变患者的生存率似乎降低，尤其是那些患有多发性单神经炎的患者。 SjD的神经学表现需要特别注意与感染性疾病（麻风病和丙型肝炎病毒感染、人类免疫缺陷病毒感染、人类嗜T淋巴细胞病毒感染）、代谢性疾病（糖尿病）、遗传性疾病（法布雷病、淀粉样变性）、副蛋白血症和肿瘤、维生素B12和硒缺乏、酒精或药物毒性以及其他自身免疫性炎症性疾病（乳糜泻、重症肌无力和桥本氏甲状腺炎）进行鉴别诊断。 一些与周围神经症状有关的药物包括抗生素（异烟肼、甲硝唑、乙胺丁醇、呋喃妥因、粘菌素、氨苯砜）、抗有丝分裂药物（长春新碱、顺铂、紫杉醇、阿霉素）、抗病毒药物（双脱氧肌苷、双脱氧胞苷、干扰素）以及其他药物（沙利度胺、秋水仙碱、金制剂、青霉胺、氯喹、环孢素、胺碘酮、苯妥英、双硫仑、碳酸锂片、西咪替丁）。 推荐意见 05 建议在诊断时准确评估每位患者的神经体征和症状以及随访期间的任何不适。（同意度100%） 06 建议对患有SjD和神经系统疾病的患者进行最全面的评估，首先进行完整的神经系统检查。在根据综合征和病变部位进行临床诊断后，应采用适当的辅助检查。（同意度100%） 07 由于淋巴瘤风险增加，建议对SjD和周围神经损伤患者进行血清生物标志物（细胞减少、冷球蛋白、补体C4部分、γ球蛋白血症）、涎腺肿大、淋巴结病和体质症状（发热、盗汗、体重减轻）的评估。（同意度100%） 中枢神经系统 主要观点 SjD的中枢神经系统表现多样，影像学和脑脊液分析是诊断和鉴别诊断的重要工具。 中枢神经系统受累可分为局灶性/多灶性受累（如卒中、视神经炎、多发性硬化样病变和假性肿瘤病变）和弥漫性受累（无菌性脑膜脑炎、认知功能障碍和精神障碍）。 中枢神经系统受累可能导致严重的功能丧失以及更高的发病率和死亡率。 认知障碍、抑郁症、脑病和脑膜炎是弥漫性受累的特征，这种情况更常见，但不是特别严重。血管炎、脱髓鞘疾病伴脊髓炎、视神经炎和运动神经元损伤是局灶性受累的特征，这些疾病罕见且危及生命。 SjD患者神经系统表现的主要危险因素是以前发生过另一种神经系统受累。 辅助诊断评估和管理 推荐意见 08 建议进行辅助检查以明确神经疾病的综合征和病变部位特征，避免误诊。（同意度100%） Ⅰ. 脑脊液对于感染和中枢神经系统肿瘤的鉴别诊断至关重要。在大多数神经精神性SjD病例中，脑脊液检查结果在参考范围内。蛋白升高、淋巴细胞增多和寡克隆带均为非特异性表现，在多达1/4的中枢、颅神经或周围神经系统受累的患者中被观察到。 Ⅱ. 影像学检查，如脑部和神经轴的磁共振成像（MRI），有助于检测局灶性和弥漫性、血管性和脱髓鞘病变。在约80%的有症状或无症状个体的检查中，主要发现是白质中的血管源性病变，这些病变不具有特异性。 Ⅲ. 单光子发射计算机断层成像（SPECT）在评估受损脑区的灌注情况时具有一定价值，尽管其结果并不具有特异性，但当与磁共振成像（MRI）结合分析时，可提供有用信息。 Ⅳ. 肌电图（EMG）和神经传导研究（NCS）是诊断和验证病变部位的重要工具，特别是对于周围神经病变，应在神经系统体格检查之外进行。 Ⅴ. 神经、背神经节、肌肉和皮肤的活检和组织病理学检查分别有助于发现血管炎、神经血管坏死、炎性T细胞浸润和表皮无髓纤维密度降低。 Ⅵ. 建议所有视神经炎或脊髓炎患者进行抗水通道蛋白4抗体筛查。 09 建议对患有SjD并主诉听力损失（无论是否伴有认知障碍）的患者进行早期筛查和定期随访，通过纯音测听检查感音神经性听力损失。（同意度100%） 治疗 周围神经系统管理 周围神经病变的治疗方案应根据临床表现进行个体化调整，以缓解疼痛并优化功能。对于感觉及感觉运动轴索性神经病，治疗策略依据病情轻重及进展而异。轻度、稳定患者多采取对症处理；对于常规治疗无效或病情进展伴运动障碍的严重患者，静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIg）以每月2 g/kg剂量治疗有效。对于难治性病例，可考虑甲泼尼龙和环磷酰胺冲击治疗作为二线选择。利妥昔单抗及疾病修饰药物如吗替麦考酚酯和硫唑嘌呤等疗效有限。 小纤维神经病的治疗重点在于缓解疼痛，一线药物包括加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林，疼痛控制不佳时可考虑5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂替代或联用。三环类抗抑郁药虽有效但可能加重干燥症状，阿片类镇痛药疗效存疑。症状治疗无效时，可尝试实验性免疫调节或免疫抑制疗法，个案报告显示IVIg有效，但治疗持续时间不明。 在治疗感觉共济失调神经病时，免疫抑制药物、IVIg、抗TNF、抗CD20疗法及糖皮质激素的使用存在争议。其中，糖皮质激素使用较广泛，IVIg常作为一线药物与其联用；免疫疗法、合成药物及血浆置换的研究结果相互矛盾，或与治疗延迟有关。多发性单神经炎常用环磷酰胺和大剂量糖皮质激素治疗。利妥昔单抗可用于冷球蛋白血症性血管炎病变。颅神经病变可用糖皮质激素治疗，根神经节病变可能对IVIg有反应。慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病可采用糖皮质激素、血浆置换和IVIg治疗。自主神经病变目前仅支持性治疗有效。 中枢神经系统管理 中枢神经系统表现相对罕见，其治疗多为经验性治疗。对于严重、急性或快速进展的中枢神经系统受累患者，首选大剂量糖皮质激素和环磷酰胺，随后逐渐减少糖皮质激素剂量。替代疗法和维持缓解药物包括硫唑嘌呤和霉酚酸酯等，但由于缺乏直接比较免疫抑制剂疗效和安全性的对照研究，因此无法推荐优先使用某一种药物。利妥昔单抗可用于冷球蛋白相关血管炎和NMOSD的抢救治疗。EM样病例应接受特异性EM治疗。对于精神疾病或精神模糊等惰性症状，应进行适当的监测和支持性治疗。 主要观点 对于神经系统表现的治疗多为经验性，其依据主要来自于非对照研究的小病例系列中获得的证据，并以专家意见为指导，这些意见是从治疗SjD本身的其他腺体外表现或治疗其他自身免疫性疾病的类似表现中推断出来。 免疫抑制剂主要用作糖皮质激素保留剂，很少有证据支持选择一种药物优于另一种药物。由于缺乏比较其在SjD中疗效的研究，因此除了考虑患者的特征和合并症的安全性问题外，无法给出具体的推荐。 关于剂量、给药途径和治疗持续时间，目前尚无可用的信息。 推荐意见 10 建议神经系统表现的药物管理应侧重于致病机制，而致病机制因受累类型而异。（同意度100%） 相关阅读 《柳叶刀》：皮肤干燥、剧烈瘙痒？别担心，这类单克隆抗体治疗效果好！ 瘙痒、糜烂、水疱……《柳叶刀》：4大类措施，早日摆脱手部湿疹 嗜睡、疲劳、怕冷、变胖……多半是甲状腺出问题了！《柳叶刀》：关注甲减治疗的5大问题 欢迎投稿：学术成果、前沿进展、临床干货等主题均可，点此了解投稿详情。 参考资料 [1] de Oliveira FR, Appenzeller S, Pasoto SG, et al. Recommendations on neurologic, cognitive, and psychiatric manifestations in patients with Sjögren's disease by the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology. Adv Rheumatol. 2025 Feb 11;65(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s42358-025-00438-7. PMID: 39934881. 免责声明：药明康德内容团队专注介绍全球生物医药健康研究进展。本文仅作信息交流之目的，文中观点不代表药明康德立场，亦不代表药明康德支持或反对文中观点。本文也不是治疗方案推荐。如需获得治疗方案指导，请前往正规医院就诊。 分享，点赞，在看，传递医学新知

Fourth quarter revenues of $2.62 billion, up 14.5% from 2023 Fourth quarter reported diluted earnings per share ("EPS") of $1.95, up 14.7% from 2023; and adjusted diluted EPS of $2.23, up 3.7% from 2023 Full year revenues of $9.87 billion, up 6.7% from 2023 Full year reported diluted EPS of $7.69, up 2.7% from 2023; and adjusted diluted EPS of $8.93, up 2.5% from 2023 Full year 2025 reported diluted EPS expected to be between $8.34 and $8.59; and adjusted diluted EPS expected to be between $9.55 and $9.80 SECAUCUS, N.J., Jan. 30, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated (NYSE: DGX), a leading provider of diagnostic information services, announced today financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2024. "In the fourth quarter, we delivered impressive revenue growth of nearly 15%, including approximately 5% organic growth, while also improving our profitability," said Jim Davis, Chairman, CEO, and President. "For the full year, we drove revenue growth of close to 7%, including approximately 3% from organic growth. Our team completed eight acquisitions, including LifeLabs in Canada, expanded our advanced diagnostics portfolio, and extended our geographic and market reach with new clinical, consumer and health plan customers." Mr. Davis continued: "Our guidance for 2025 reflects our confidence in the core strength of our business, continuing robust utilization, and the momentum from acquisitions completed in 2024. These dynamics position us favorably to accelerate revenue and earnings growth in 2025." Select 2024 full year accomplishments: Completed eight acquisitions, including LifeLabs in Canada and four hospital outreach lab acquisitions. Extended our health plan access to over 90% of in-network lives nationwide, including in new geographies through collaborations with Elevance Health and Sentara Health Plans, which took effect January 1, 2025. Grew our Advanced Diagnostics portfolio, adding the sensitive p-tau217 and p-tau181 biomarkers to our AD-Detect blood-based test menu for assessing Alzheimer's disease risk, and launching the first H5 avian influenza test from a commercial laboratory based on a pandemic preparedness contract from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Engaged approximately 75 academic, health system and community oncology centers in our Haystack MRD Early Experience Program, which provided oncologists with advanced access to our Haystack MRD blood test for aiding in the early detection of minimal residual disease from solid tumor cancers. We are now transitioning these organizations to a commercial program and are focused on expanding utilization among oncologists. Expanded our questhealth.com consumer-initiated test platform to include approximately 135 tests, including micronutrient deficiencies and high-risk Lipoprotein(a) cholesterol testing. Deployed automation and AI technologies across diverse laboratory, customer service and administrative areas, including automating core laboratory processes at three major regional laboratories, improving quality, customer experiences and productivity. Dividend Increased Quest Diagnostics' Board of Directors has authorized a 6.7% increase in its quarterly dividend from $0.75 to $0.80 per share, or $3.20 per share annually, effective with the dividend payable on April 21, 2025 to shareholders of record of Quest Diagnostics common stock on April 7, 2025. The company has raised its dividend annually since 2011. Guidance for Full Year 2025 The company estimates its full year 2025 guidance in the table below. The company has included a presentation that includes additional guidance information on the Events and Presentations page of its investor relations website, which can be found at . Note on Non-GAAP Financial Measures As used in this press release the term "reported" refers to measures under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). The term "adjusted" refers to non-GAAP operating performance measures that exclude special items such as restructuring and integration charges, amortization expense, excess tax benefits ("ETB") associated with stock-based compensation, gains and losses associated with changes in the carrying value of our strategic investments, and other items. Non-GAAP adjusted measures are presented because management believes those measures are useful adjuncts to GAAP results. Non-GAAP adjusted measures should not be considered as an alternative to the corresponding measures determined under GAAP. Management may use these non-GAAP measures to evaluate our performance period over period and relative to competitors, to analyze the underlying trends in our business, to establish operational budgets and forecasts and for incentive compensation purposes. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors and analysts to evaluate our performance period over period and relative to competitors, as well as to analyze the underlying trends in our business and to assess our performance. The additional tables attached below include reconciliations of non-GAAP adjusted measures to GAAP measures. Conference Call Information Quest Diagnostics will hold its quarterly conference call to discuss financial results beginning at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time today. The conference call can be accessed by dialing 888-455-0391 within the U.S. and Canada, or 773-756-0467 internationally, passcode: 7895081; or via live webcast on our website at . We suggest participants dial in approximately 10 minutes before the call. A replay of the call may be accessed online at or, from approximately 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time on January 30, 2025 until midnight Eastern Time on February 13, 2025, by phone at 866-360-8701 for domestic callers and 203-369-0179 for international callers. Anyone listening to the call is encouraged to read our periodic reports, on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the discussion of risk factors and historical results of operations and financial condition in those reports. About Quest Diagnostics Quest Diagnostics works across the healthcare ecosystem to create a healthier world, one life at a time. We provide diagnostic insights from the results of our laboratory testing to empower people, physicians and organizations to take action to improve health outcomes. Derived from one of the world's largest databases of de-identifiable clinical lab results, Quest's diagnostic insights reveal new avenues to identify and treat disease, inspire healthy behaviors and improve healthcare management. Quest Diagnostics annually serves one in three adult Americans and half the physicians and hospitals in the United States, and our more than 55,000 employees understand that, in the right hands and with the right context, our diagnostic insights can inspire actions that transform lives and create a healthier world. . Forward Looking Statements The statements in this press release which are not historical facts may be forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date that they are made and which reflect management's current estimates, projections, expectations or beliefs and which involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and outcomes to be materially different. Risks and uncertainties that may affect the future results of the company include, but are not limited to, adverse results from pending or future government investigations, lawsuits or private actions, the competitive environment, the complexity of billing, reimbursement and revenue recognition for clinical laboratory testing, changes in government regulations, changing relationships with customers, payers, suppliers or strategic partners, acquisitions and other factors discussed in the company's most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any of the company's subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including those discussed in the "Business," "Risk Factors," "Cautionary Factors that May Affect Future Results" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections of those reports. This earnings release, including the attached financial tables, is available online in the Newsroom section at . ADDITIONAL TABLES FOLLOW Notes to Financial Tables SOURCE Quest Diagnostics WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

WEDNESDAY, Jan. 29, 2025 -- “Hidden hunger” -- low levels of essential vitamins or minerals -- is common among people with type 2 diabetes , a new evidence review says Overall, as many as 45% of type 2 diabetics are suffering multiple deficiencies in vitamins, minerals and electrolytes, researchers reported Jan. 28 in the journal BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health . The review “exemplifies the double burden of malnutrition in action,” where people trying to manage their diabetes through diet wind up with nutritional deficiencies, concluded the research team led by Dr. Daya Krishan Mangal , an adjunct professor at the International Institute of Health Management Research in Jaipur, India. For the evidence review, researchers pooled results from 132 prior studies involving more than 52,500 participants between 1998 and 2023. Very low levels of vitamin D were the most common deficiency, affecting more than 60% of people with type 2 diabetes. Other common deficiencies included magnesium (42%), iron (28%) and vitamin B12 (22%). People on the diabetes drug metformin were at higher risk for B12 deficiency, with 29% having low levels of that vitamin. Women with diabetes were more likely to have vitamin deficiencies than men, 49% versus 43%, results show. And diabetics in North and South America had the highest levels of vitamin deficiencies, with 54% suffering a lack of specific nutrients. “The treatment of type 2 diabetes often tends to focus on energy metabolism and macronutrients, but the identification of a higher prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies in those affected is a reminder that optimizing overall nutrition should always be a priority,” the research team concluded. These deficiencies might cause people’s diabetes to become worse, as many different nutrients are involved in metabolism, researchers said. They also could cause other health problems. On the other hand, nutritional deficiencies could be linked to developing type 2 diabetes in the first place. “Micronutrient deficiencies may influence glucose metabolism and insulin signalling pathways, leading to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes,” researchers wrote. Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.