Abstract::Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
(SPECT) are two of the most frequently employed molecular imaging modalities for interrogating
biological processes in living systems. A significant number of recently developed probes
are based on radiometals. Radiometal-based compounds use a chelator for radionuclide complexation
and linkage to a targeting molecule. In practice, selecting the “right” chelator has consequences
that extend well beyond simple coordination chemistry, influencing labeling conditions, probe
stability, in vivo behavior, and ultimately diagnostic performance. As a result, both acyclic and
cyclic chelators have been explored extensively. Acyclic chelators, such as DTPA, HBED, DFO,
and HYNIC, are attractive because they can be labeled rapidly under mild conditions, but their in
vivo stability is not always sufficient for clinical use. In contrast, macrocyclic chelators, such as
DOTA, NOTA, TETA, and sarcophagines, are more kinetically inert, though they often demand
higher temperatures or more stringent labeling parameters. Over the past decades, several innovations
have been made, such as [18F]AlF-NOTA chemistry, optimized DFO derivatives for 89Zr, and
copper-specific sarcophagines. This emerging landscape of PET and SPECT radiotracers has
broadened the range of applications from neuroendocrine tumors to FAPI-based probes and to
theranostic strategies. The refinement and development of bifunctional chelators that allow radiometals
to be bound to peptides, antibodies, and nanoparticles without loss of biological activity is
opening up new avenues. The field is working toward more kit-based, user-friendly chelators that
are applicable to a broad range of radionuclides. In this review, we summarize recent progress in
chelator design and show how it is shaping the future of molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide
therapy.