Diltiazem Malate

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and perform the environmental risk assessment (ERA) for emerging contaminants, primarily pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), in the groundwater near a closed municipal landfill, on the example of a site in Tychy (southern Poland).Groundwater from a shallow aquifer was sampled in two seasons from eight piezometers located upstream, downstream, and on top of the landfill.The anal. covered 128 PPCPs.Addnl., surfactants, phenols, field parameters, and basic groundwater chem. composition were determinedERA was performed using indexes like the horizontal ratio (HR), risk quotient (RQ), frequency of a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) exceedance (F), prioritisation index (PI), and persistence-bioaccumulation-toxicity ranking (PBTr).The number of detected PPCPs in the groundwater reached up to 54, with total PPCP concentrations ranging from 492 to 3,230,036 ng/L.The study also revealed the presence of phenols (up to 62 mg/L) and surface active agents, particularly anionic surfactants (up to 77.7 mg/L).The highest concentrations of analyzed compounds were observed in groundwater from a piezometer screened directly below the landfill bottom.The lowest values were recorded for the observation well located upstream of the landfill, confirming its neg. impact and the release of PPCPs into the aquifer.The influence of the landfill was also reflected by low HR values (below 1) and high values of the site-specific risk quotient (above 1).Based on PI results, ibuprofen, bisphenol A, propyphenazone, and sulfamerazine were considered the compounds of highest risk.The same substances were among compounds with the highest PBTr values.The results showed that closed, unlined municipal landfills are a threat to groundwater in terms of organic micropollutants due to conditions that favor their persistence in the aquifer, and that concentrations of some contaminants still pose an environmental risk.

Currently, there is concern about food products to which new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been added illegally. However, rapid, high-sensitivity, and high-throughput screening methods for such harmful substances have not been reported yet. In this study, a high-throughput non-targeted screening strategy was developed based on UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap. First, optimized pretreatment methods for typical high-risk matrices were established. Second, an accurate, efficient, and scalable high resolution mass spectrometry database containing 206 NPS and related compounds was constructed. The fragmentation pathways of three different types of fentanyl-related compounds were then systematically investigated to enhance compound identification. Additionally, a non-targeted screening strategy was developed using warning ions derived from 24 fentanyl-related compounds, streamlining the identification of NPS. This strategy was applied to 100 food samples with possible illegal additives and demonstrated its effectiveness. In summary, this study provides robust technical support for regulatory authorities in combating the illegal addition of food products.