Pexidartinib Hydrochloride

基于片段的药物设计（FBDD）已成为药物发现的重要策略，与传统高通量筛选（HTS）形成互补。 历经近50年发展，推动多款药物成功上市。 结构与计算工具的整合，显著提升FBDD效率，助力理性药物设计。 随着药物靶点向“不可成药”领域及新治疗模式延伸，FBDD在靶向复杂生物分子中展现关键潜力。 持续融合前沿计算与筛选技术（如虚拟筛选、机器学习），突破药物化学瓶颈，加速创新疗法开发。  小片段撬动大突破 自1981年提出以来，基于片段的药物设计（FBDD）已成为药物发现的核心策略之一。其核心逻辑是筛选低分子量化合物（约150–300 Da），这些片段虽与靶蛋白结合较弱，但通过化学修饰可优化为强效药物。1990年代，“核磁共振（SAR by NMR）”技术首次实现片段筛选，随后X射线晶体学、表面等离子体共振（SPR）等方法进一步推动技术普及，使FBDD融入主流药物研发流程。  成果斐然：从“不可成药”到临床突破 FBDD已催生8款FDA批准药物及超50个临床候选化合物。首款成功案例是2011年获批的黑色素瘤药物Zelboraf，其研发仅用6年。随后，多款里程碑药物涌现： Pexidartinib（2015年）：一种CSF-1R抑制剂； Venetoclax（ABT-199，2016年）：一种Bcl-2抑制剂，能够破坏蛋白–蛋白相互作用； Erdafitinib（2019年）：一种用于治疗尿路上皮癌的FGFR抑制剂； Berotralstat（BCX7353，2020年）：一种用于治疗遗传性血管水肿的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂； Sotorasib（AMG 510，2021年）：一种KRAS-G12C抑制剂，针对一个被认为难以治疗的“不可药化”蛋白； Asciminib（ABL001，2021年）：一种新型的BCR-ABL1别构抑制剂； Capivasertib（AZD5363，2023年）：一种AKT激酶抑制剂。 超半数药物为激酶抑制剂，但Venetoclax和Sotorasib的成功证明FBDD在难治靶点中的潜力。 此外，FBDD在苗头化合物优化、靶点可药性评估中展现高效性，甚至延伸至PROTAC等新兴疗法，成为药物创新的“多面手”。 图1. 过去四十年基于片段的药物设计里程碑。3D分子结构由Schrödinger 2022.3（Maestro 13.3）中的LigPrep模块生成。 图2. 从基于片段的药物设计（FBDD）衍生的FDA批准药物。展示了从FBDD衍生的FDA批准药物的化学结构。  基于片段的药物设计（FBDD）：优势与挑战并存 （1）优势： FBDD能筛选来自广泛化学空间的小分子片段，适用于各种靶点，包括蛋白质和RNA，具有较强的靶点适应性。片段库由低分子量化合物组成，通常遵循“三原则”，这使得它们在优化时具有更大潜力。 FBDD还可以通过敏感的筛选方法检测弱结合物，这些物质通常在高通量筛选中被忽略。片段筛选的时间较短，能够显著降低成本和时间。 此外，FBDD能初步评估靶点的可药物性，帮助风险评估，无需参考化合物，易于实施。片段扩展有助于探索结构-活性关系（SAR），推动新型先导化合物开发。FBDD已应用于新型治疗模式，如PROTACs，利用片段连接原理，具有低分子量和弱结合亲和力，表明其在优化新药模式中的潜力。 （2）挑战： 片段库质量：需平衡多样性、合成可行性与理化性质，构建高质量库难度高； 筛选灵敏度：弱结合检测依赖先进技术（如NMR、X射线），设备与经验门槛较高； 苗头物选择：高命中率下需结合配体效率（LE）、结合模式分析（NMR/冷冻电镜）筛选优质片段； 规模压力：百万级片段库涌现，传统实验筛选难以负荷，需虚拟筛选预筛以降低成本； 人工优化局限：片段扩展依赖药物化学经验，面对海量数据与复杂相互作用，效率受限。 表1. 片段筛选方法 筛选方法 样品要求 灵敏度（亲和力） 优势 缺点 配体观察NMR（STD-NMR, Water-LOGSY, CMPG, T1rho） 低（<50 μM样品） mM–nM 不需要同位素标记。 无法检测紧密结合物。 对靶标大小没有限制。 不适用于所有靶标。 灵敏度高，能检测弱结合物。 无法检测紧密结合物。 可在筛选中使用片段混合物。 19F-NMR 低（<50 μM样品） mM–μM 灵敏的筛选方法。 片段需要用氟标记。 高通量筛选方法。 只能检测弱结合物。 适用于蛋白质和RNA靶标。 不需要靶标标记，对靶标没有大小限制。 蛋白质观察NMR（HSQC, 19F-NMR） 高（>10 μM, 10–100 mg） mM–nM 可检测紧密结合物和弱结合物。 需要标记蛋白质。 提供结构信息。 筛选时间较长。 确定结合位点。 X射线晶体学 高（10–50 mg） mM–nM 提供结构信息。 无法检测结合亲和力和特异性。 检测结合模式。 需要高质量的晶体进行浸泡。 表面等离子共振（SPR） 低（<1 mg） μM–nM 高通量筛选方法。 需要将靶标固定。 提供筛选中的结合动力学数据。 需要参考化合物设置实验。 不适用于所有靶标。 不适用于检测弱结合物。 等温滴定量热法（ITC） 高（>10 μM样品） μM–nM 提供结合曲线来测量结合亲和力。 低通量实验。 确定焓变或熵驱动的结合。 需要较高浓度的样品。 不适用于每个靶标。 需要参考化合物设置实验。 不适用于检测弱结合物。 热变性实验（TSA）/差示扫描荧光法（DSF） 低（∼μM–nM） μM–nM 高通量筛选实验 假阳性率较高。 不适用于每个靶标。 需要参考化合物设置实验。 本征质谱法 低（nM, μg–1 mg） μM–nM 高通量筛选实验 需要仔细优化实验条件。 只需要微克级样品。 不适用于弱结合物。 微尺度热泳动法（MST） 低（<μM） μM–nM 能测量结合亲和力。 低通量筛选方法。 不适用于弱结合物。 生物层干涉法（BLI） 低（∼μM） μM–nM 高通量方法 不适用于弱结合物。 适用于确认苗头化合物。 荧光偏振法（FP） 低（<μM） μM–nM 高通量筛选方法 不适用于弱结合物。 不适用于每个靶标。 需要参考化合物设置实验。 表型筛选 无要求 μM–nM 筛选具有良好细胞渗透性的化合物。 命中率低，需要确认靶标-苗头化合物的相互作用。 适用于筛选共价片段 仅适用于紧密结合物。 不需要纯化靶标。 需要确认靶标。 生化实验 低（<μM） μM–nM 高通量筛选实验 靶标需要具有酶活性或已被充分表征。 可以直接测量片段对靶标的影响。 不适用于弱结合物，导致命中率低。 筛选过程中需要较高浓度的片段。 虚拟筛选 无要求 无要求 高通量方法 假阳性率高。 筛选过程中不需要化合物和样品。 需要通过实验筛选确认苗头化合物。 适合筛选百万至十亿个化合物。 能够考虑多个结合口袋。  展望 基于片段的药物设计（FBDD）有望成为药物发现的关键驱动力。随着分子生物学和生物信息学的进展，靶标空间已扩展到RNA及RNA结合蛋白（RBPs），为治疗提供了超越传统蛋白靶标的新机遇。例如，FDA批准的RNA剪接调节剂Risdiplam，通过调节SMN2前mRNA的剪接，成功治疗了相关疾病。然而，RNA及RBPs的极性和灵活性使得传统方法难以靶向，而FBDD凭借识别小分子和弱结合片段的优势，提供了有效的探索途径。 高分辨率的冷冻电子显微镜（cryo-EM）揭示了复杂的蛋白质/RNA结构，帮助发现潜在的结合位点。同时，人工智能和分子建模技术加强了对RNA和蛋白质复合物的理解，提供了更精确的药物设计线索。多样化的片段库扩展了化学空间，结合实验和计算筛选提高了命中率和靶点识别能力。 FBDD与新兴计算技术的结合，使得药物设计更加强大和多功能。未来，FBDD有望攻克难以靶向的复杂靶标，如蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和RNA靶点。将机器学习和人工智能整合到FBDD中，将加速药物发现过程，解决未满足的医学需求。 参考文献： https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00424

On February 14, 2025, Ono Pharmaceuticals secured FDA approval for vimseltinib, a therapy for tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT), which will be marketed as ROMVIMZA. This approval places Ono in direct competition with another Japanese pharmaceutical company, Daiichi Sankyo, in the TGCT market. LAS VEGAS, March 4, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Tenosynovial giant cell tumor, also known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) or giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCT-TS), is primarily treated through surgical resection. For localized TGCT, the typical approach involves direct removal of the tumor nodule. In contrast, diffused-type TGCT (DTGCT) tends to present as larger tumors affecting major joints, making treatment more complex. Management options for DTGCT often include total synovectomy, joint replacement, or, in extremely rare cases, amputation. Among the 7MM, the United States had the highest prevalence of tenosynovial giant cell tumor, accounting for approximately 45% of total cases. In 2023, localized TGCT in the U.S. was most commonly found in the digits, representing around 75% of cases. Depending on whether the tumor is localized or diffuse, giant cell tumors can also occur in the knee, ankle, hip, and other areas. According to DelveInsight analysts, diffuse TGCT was most frequently observed in the knee, with an estimated 30,000 cases in the US in 2023. The primary approach to treating TGCT is surgery, often supplemented by alternative options like Radiation Therapy, Radiosynovectomy, and Systemic Therapies, including CSF1 inhibitors and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. TURALIO (pexidartinib, previously known as PLX3397) is a targeted therapy developed by Daiichi Sankyo for adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor that leads to significant morbidity or functional limitations and cannot be effectively treated with surgery. This orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor acts on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation. Overexpression of the CSF1R ligand contributes to excessive cell proliferation and accumulation in the synovium. The US FDA approved TURALIO in August 2019 for the treatment of TGCT in adults with severe symptoms and limited surgical options. Before this, in October 2015, pexidartinib received Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD) from the FDA for TGCT treatment. TURALIO carries a risk of serious and potentially life-threatening liver toxicity and is available only through a restricted Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. Learn more about the FDA-approved TGCT drugs @ Drugs for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Treatment Recently, in February 2025, Ono Pharmaceuticals secured FDA approval for vimseltinib for the treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumor. Marketed under the brand name ROMVIMZA, the drug places Ono in direct competition with fellow Japanese pharmaceutical company Daiichi Sankyo in the TGCT space. Like TURALIO, which became the first FDA-approved TGCT treatment in 2019, ROMVIMZA is a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor. As a kinase inhibitor, it blocks the CSF1 receptor to slow the growth of cells expressing this protein, potentially limiting tumor progression in TGCT. Ono Pharmaceuticals acquired ROMVIMZA through its $2.4 billion purchase of Deciphera Pharmaceuticals last year, making the U.S.-based firm a subsidiary. At the time, Ono's CEO, Gyo Sagara, described the acquisition as a strategic effort to expand the company's targeted oncology pipeline, strengthen its presence in the U.S. and European markets, and enhance its kinase drug discovery expertise. To compete with TURALIO's early market entry, Ono is positioning ROMVIMZA as a more convenient TGCT treatment. Unlike Daiichi Sankyo's drug, which requires twice-daily dosing, ROMVIMZA is administered only twice a week, with at least 72 hours between doses. Additionally, while TURALIO carries a boxed warning for hepatotoxicity due to the risk of severe liver damage, ROMVIMZA does not have this safety warning. To know more about TGCT treatment options, visit @ New Treatment for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors TGCT that is not amenable to improvement from surgery. Several companies, such as SynOx Therapeutics (Emactuzumab), AmMax Bio (AMB-05X), Merck KGaA (pimicotinib), and others, are involved in developing therapies for TGCT. Discover which therapies are expected to grab major TGCT market share @ Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Market Report Pimicotinib is an investigational, orally administered small-molecule inhibitor designed to selectively and effectively target the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Developed by Abbisko, it remains under clinical evaluation. In December 2023, Abbisko Therapeutics agreed with Merck, granting Merck exclusive rights to commercialize pimicotinib-based products for all indications in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, with the possibility of expanding to global markets, including the US. Pimicotinib has been granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD) by both the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the FDA, as well as Priority Medicine (PRIME) designation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of patients with TGCT who are not candidates for surgery. In November 2024, Merck reported that the Phase III MANEUVER trial, conducted by Abbisko Therapeutics, met its primary endpoint. The study showed a significant improvement in the objective response rate (ORR) for patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor. By week 25, pimicotinib achieved an ORR of 54.0%, compared to 3.2% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). Emactuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that serves as a potent and selective inhibitor of CSF-1R. By interacting with two key cytokines, CSF-1 and IL-34, the CSF-1 receptor plays a crucial role in regulating macrophages and related cells across various biological processes and organ systems. This makes it a compelling target with wide-ranging therapeutic potential. SynOx Therapeutics is currently assessing emactuzumab in the Phase III TANGENT clinical trial. In April 2024, the company secured a $35 million loan facility from Hercules Capital, bolstering its financial position as it advances the trial. Additionally, SynOx successfully completed a $75 million Series B funding round. Earlier, in August 2022, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted orphan medicinal product designation to emactuzumab for both localized and diffuse TGCT. AMB-05X is a powerful monoclonal antibody targeting CSF1R, designed as a therapeutic platform for severe macrophage-driven inflammatory, fibrotic, and neovascular conditions. It has received Fast Track designation from the FDA and PRIME designation from the EMA for TGCT. Currently, it is being evaluated in a Phase II clinical trial to assess its safety, tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics when administered via intra-articular injection in TGCT patients. Discover more about drugs for TGCT in development @ Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Clinical Trials The anticipated launch of these emerging therapies for TGCT are poised to transform the market landscape in the coming years. As these cutting-edge therapies continue to mature and gain regulatory approval, they are expected to reshape the TGCT market landscape, offering new standards of care and unlocking opportunities for medical innovation and economic growth. DelveInsight estimates that the market size for TGCT is expected to grow from USD 300 million in 2023, with a significant CAGR by 2034. This growth can be attributed to the approval of new therapies with improved safety and tolerability compared to pexidartinib, which will significantly impact the treatment landscape in the coming years. This will lead to increased adoption of these new therapies, with patients transitioning from off-label treatments to these newer options during the forecast period (2023‒2034). DelveInsight's latest published market report, titled as Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Market Insight, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034 will help you to discover which market leader is going to capture the largest market share. The report provides comprehensive insights into the TGCT country-specific treatment guidelines, patient pool analysis, and epidemiology forecast to help understand the key opportunities and assess the market's underlying potential. The TGCT market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2020–2034 in the 7MM segmented into: Prevalent Cases of TGCT Growth Pattern-specific Prevalent Cases of TGCT Gender-specific Prevalent Cases of Localized TGCT Gender-specific Prevalent Cases of Diffuse TGCT Tumor Location-specific of Localized TGCT Tumor Location-specific Cases of Diffuse TGCT Total Treated Cases of TGCT The report provides an edge while developing business strategies by understanding trends shaping and driving the 7MM TGCT market. Highlights include: 10-year Forecast 7MM Analysis Epidemiology-based Market Forecasting Historical and Forecasted Market Analysis upto 2034 Emerging Drug Market Uptake Peak Sales Analysis Key Cross Competition Analysis Industry Expert's Opinion Access and Reimbursement Download this TGCT market report to assess the epidemiology forecasts, understand the patient journeys, know KOLs' opinions about the upcoming treatment paradigms, and determine the factors contributing to the shift in the TGCT market. Also, stay abreast of the mitigating factors to improve your market position in the TGCT therapeutic space. Related Reports Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Epidemiology Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Epidemiology Forecast – 2034 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted TGCT epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU4 (Germany, Spain, Italy, and France), the United Kingdom, and Japan. Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Pipeline Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors Pipeline Insight – 2025 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key TGCT companies, including AmMax Bio, Inc., Deciphera Pharmaceuticals SynOx Therapeutics, Abbisko Therapeutics Co, Ltd., Hutchison Medipharma Limited, Elixiron Immunotherapeutics, among others. Rheumatoid Arthritis Market Rheumatoid Arthritis Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034 report deliver an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key rheumatoid arthritis companies, including Taisho Pharmaceuticals, R-Pharm, GlaxoSmithKline, Aclaris Therapeutics, Pfizer, Abivax, Bristol Myers Squibb, Oscotec, Genosco, Mesoblast, Pfizer Akros Pharma, Japan Tobacco, Abbvie, Horizon Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Gilead Sciences, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Istesso, SynAct Pharma, Cyxone, among others. Rheumatoid Arthritis Pipeline Rheumatoid Arthritis Pipeline Insight – 2025 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key rheumatoid arthritis companies, including Taisho Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical, SinoMab, Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine, RemeGen, GlaxoSmithKline, Modern Biosciences, Jiangsu Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals, Akros Pharma, Hanlim Pharm, Galapagos NV, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Aclaris Therapeutics, Abivax, AbbVie, Synact Pharma, Gilead sciences, Mesoblast, Rottapharm Biotech, Eli Lilly and Company, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Abcentra, Cyxone, Yungjin Pharm. Co., Ltd. Taiho Pharmaceutical, Oscotec Inc., Pfizer, Janssen Research & Development, Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc., KLUS Pharma Inc., Revolo Biotherapeutics, Lynk Pharmaceuticals, Beijing Baylx Biotech, Hope Biosciences, Kangstem Biotech, Celltex Therapeutics, I-Mab Biopharma Co. Ltd., Synermore Biologics Co., Ltd, Oryn Therapeutics, Arthrogen, Bayer, Amgen, Draconis Pharma, Biozeus, Landos Biopharma, Imcyse, Kymera Therapeutics, RedHill Biopharma, 4D Pharma, CV6 Therapeutics, VYNE Therapeutics, MyMD Pharmaceuticals, Brickell Biotech Inc, Worg Pharmaceuticals, Almirall, Standigm, Metrion Biosciences, Jnana Therapeutics, Silo Pharma, SFA Therapeutics, Neutrolis Therapeutics, Ahead Therapeutics, Fresenius Kabi, Kidswell Bio, BioXpress Therapeutics, CinnaGen, Alvotech, Hetero Biopharma, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Innovent Biologics, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Emcure Pharmaceuticals, mAbxience, Shanghai Junshi Biosciences, Enosi Therapeutics, among others. About DelveInsight DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant and Market Research firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing comprehensive end-to-end solutions to improve their performance. Get hassle-free access to all the healthcare and pharma market research reports through our subscription-based platform PharmDelve . Contact Us Shruti Thakur [email protected] +14699457679 Logo: SOURCE DelveInsight Business Research, LLP WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED