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引用本文:中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会, 中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会. 中国关节病型银屑病(银屑病关节炎)诊疗指南(2026版)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2026, 106(24): 2414-2440. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20251009-02589.
通信作者:史玉玲,同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科,上海 200443,Email:shiyuling1973@tongji.edu.cn;戴生明,上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院风湿免疫科,上海 200233,Email:shengmingdai@163.com;张卓莉,北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科,北京 100034,Email:zhuoli.zhang@126.com;顾军,南京医科大学附属苏州医院皮肤科,苏州 215123,Email:gujun79@163.com.
摘要
关节病型银屑病亦称银屑病关节炎(PsA),是一种临床异质性较强的系统性炎症性疾病,其不仅累及皮肤,出现红斑鳞屑等特征性银屑病皮损,还可侵犯关节,引发关节疼痛、肿胀、僵硬及功能障碍,严重影响患者生活质量。为制订符合国际指南制订标准与中国临床实践的诊疗指南,中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会联合中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会发起,围绕我国PsA诊疗中的14个关键临床问题,形成了基于循证医学的推荐意见。本指南系统梳理了国内外PsA诊疗进展,涵盖疾病诊断、病情评估、治疗策略、共病管理及特殊人群用药等多个方面,旨在提高我国PsA的整体诊疗水平,改善患者预后。
关键词:关节炎;银屑病;诊断;指南
关节病型银屑病(psoriasis arthropathica),又称银屑病关节炎(psoriatic arthritis,PsA),是一种临床表现高度异质性、慢性进展的炎症性疾病。其不仅是银屑病的特殊亚型,累及皮肤与关节,还可伴发全身多系统受累,严重影响患者的身心健康与社会功能 [ 1 ] 。流行病学数据显示,全球银屑病患者中PsA的总体患病率约为17.58%,我国银屑病患者中PsA患病率约为10.4% [ 2 -3 ] 。尽管受地域、人口学特征、年龄及病程等因素影响,不同研究的患病率存在一定差异,但总体趋势显示,PsA患病率随银屑病病程延长而逐渐升高。
PsA早期关节症状常较隐匿,且缺乏特异性诊断方法,加之医患双方对疾病整体认识不足,导致其早期筛查不足与诊断延迟 [ 4 ] 。目前认为,PsA是一种在遗传、环境等多因素共同作用下,由免疫介导的慢性、进展性炎症性疾病,但其确切病因与发病机制尚未完全阐明。近年研究揭示,致病性CD8+记忆T细胞、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-23介导的辅助性T细胞(T helper cell,Th)17通路激活可能参与了PsA的发生与发展 [ 5 ] 。
近年来,欧洲抗风湿病联盟(European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)、银屑病和PsA研究与评估组(Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis,GRAPPA)等国际权威学术组织不断更新PsA的诊疗共识与指南,我国发布的《中国关节病型银屑病诊疗共识(2020版)》亦为临床实践提供了重要参考 [ 6 - 8 ] 。随着国内新药陆续获批,制订符合我国国情、融合最新循证医学证据的PsA临床诊疗指南尤为必要。为此,由中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会与中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会共同牵头,严格遵循循证临床实践指南的制订方法与流程,整合当前最佳证据、临床经验并兼顾我国患者偏好与价值观,制订《中国关节病型银屑病(银屑病关节炎)诊疗指南(2026版)》(以下简称“本指南”),旨在为临床医师提供明确、实用的指导,从而全面提升我国PsA的诊疗水平,最终改善患者预后。
第一部分 指南制订方法
一、指南制订发起机构
本指南由中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会与中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会于2023年7月联合发起。由兰州大学基础医学院循证医学中心提供方法学支持。
二、指南制订工作组
本指南成立了多学科专家组,主要由皮肤科、风湿免疫科、医学影像科、超声医学科、消化内科、内分泌科、心血管内科等多个专业领域的专家组成。工作组包含首席方法学专家(1位)、专家组(58位)、证据评价组(35位)、秘书组(3位)及外审组(3位)。其中,首席方法学专家负责证据评价方法学的制订;共识专家组负责确定指南的范围与临床问题,形成并审定推荐意见;证据评价组主要负责检索、筛选、证据评价及撰写推荐意见;秘书组负责指南全文的撰写与校对;外审组负责指南的学术指导与最终审阅。所有工作组成员均声明不存在与本指南相关的利益冲突。
三、指南注册与计划书撰写
本指南已于国际实践指南注册与透明化平台( http://www.guidelines-registry.org)完成注册(注册号:PREPARE-2023C304),且指南计划书已正式定稿。指南的制订严格遵循推荐意见分级评估、制订及评价(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,GRADE)体系,并依据国际实践指南报告规范(Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare,RIGHT)进行撰写。
四、指南使用者与应用的目标人群
本指南供皮肤科医师、风湿免疫科医师及从事PsA临床诊疗和管理的相关专业人员使用。本指南应用的目标人群为PsA患者以及PsA高危人群。
五、临床问题的遴选和确定
秘书组首先通过系统检索国内外已发表的指南、共识和系统评价,并结合部分临床专家的建议,初步拟定了35个临床问题。随后,邀请62位从事PsA诊疗的临床医师对上述临床问题的重要性进行评分,共经过两轮匿名问卷投票。经专家组集体讨论,最终确定了本指南拟解决的14个核心临床问题。
六、证据检索
证据评价组对最终纳入的临床问题和结局指标,遵循人群、干预、对照和结局(population,intervention,comparison and outcome,PICO)原则进行解构,并制定检索策略。系统检索了PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国知网数据库及中国生物医学文献数据库等数据库。检索词主要围绕PsA临床诊疗和最新学术进展的相关词汇,采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式进行检索。文献纳入类型主要包括系统评价、荟萃分析、随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)、队列研究、病例对照研究、病例系列及流行病学调查等。检索时间范围设定为1973年1月至2026年4月。
七、证据评价与推荐意见分级
证据评价组采用系统评价方法学质量评价工具(a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews,AMSTAR)对纳入的系统评价、荟萃分析进行方法学质量评价 [ 9 ] 。随后,运用GRADE分级对证据体进行分级,并形成推荐意见 [ 10 ] ( 表1 )。对于部分缺乏直接证据支持的临床问题,推荐意见主要基于专家临床经验,通过专家共识调研形成。对于缺乏直接证据支持但专家组一致认为对临床实践具有重要指导意义的推荐意见,本指南将其标注为“良好实践声明”(good practice statement,GPS),并同时报告专家一致同意率。
八、推荐意见的形成
专家组基于证据总结表,结合我国患者的偏好与价值观、干预措施的成本和利弊,形成了初步推荐意见。指南工作组采用德尔菲法形成共识,根据具体临床问题相关的专业背景和研究方向,从指南专家组中遴选相关领域专家参与匿名投票及多轮意见征询。该意见于2024年11月13日启动第一轮德尔菲调查,对于第一轮未达成共识(共识度<80%)的条目,于2024年11月30日召开专家讨论会并进行修订。修订后的推荐意见再次经第二轮德尔菲调查,最终所有临床问题的推荐意见均达成共识(共识度≥80%)。
九、指南的推广与更新
本指南发布后,将通过以下方式进行推广和传播:(1)在全国学术会议上进行介绍及解读;(2)借助中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会及中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会的继续教育平台有计划地在全国范围内组织皮肤科临床医务工作者学习并正确使用指南相关内容;(3)通过微信公众号、优麦医生等网络平台进行传播。指南秘书组将持续监测相关文献,并根据国际指南更新方法学,计划每3~5年进行定期更新。
第二部分 临床问题和推荐意见
一、PsA的评估诊断
临床问题1:如何进行PsA的早期诊断?
推荐意见1:推荐对所有银屑病患者主动问诊有无肌肉骨骼关节疼痛(1B);建议常规应用银屑病患者早期关节炎筛查问卷(early arthritis for psoriatic patients,EARP)或银屑病流行病学筛查工具(psoriasis epidemiology screening tool,PEST)进行早期PsA筛查(2C);甲受累、肥胖、银屑病皮损受累严重、PsA家族史是银屑病患者发生PsA的危险因素(1B);应用高频超声筛查外周关节炎和附着点炎有助于PsA的早期诊断(2B)。
推荐意见说明:肌肉骨骼症状,尤其是疼痛,是PsA最常见的临床表现之一,多数患者在疾病初期即已显现 [ 11 ] 。研究证实,疼痛不仅是PsA的强预测因子,也与患者预后密切相关 [ 12-14 ] 。因此,在临床实践中,建议对所有银屑病患者常规问诊关节疼痛情况,有助于PsA的早期识别与高效筛查。
由于早期PsA易被漏诊,应用筛查问卷有助于识别潜在患者,降低漏诊风险。目前,关于PsA筛查问卷的研究多为诊断性试验,旨在评估与比较不同问卷的诊断效能;然而,受限于问卷种类繁多及各研究在设计与人群纳入上的异质性,其结果缺乏直接可比性。基于我国银屑病人群的数据,目前仅EARP与PEST两种问卷完成了临床验证,并确立了各自的最佳临界值及相应的敏感度与特异度。鉴于上述两种问卷条目精简,兼具循证基础与操作便捷性,更适合作为常规筛查工具在临床推广应用 [ 15 ] 。
2023年EULAR专家组指出,甲受累、肥胖、银屑病严重程度及PsA家族史是PsA发生的长期危险因素,而关节痛和影像学异常(如附着点炎、滑膜炎)被视为短期危险因素 [ 16 ] 。多项原始研究及系统评价也支持上述观点 [ 17- 20 ] 。EULAR指南进一步明确,亚临床PsA是指银屑病患者存在关节痛和(或)影像学异常,但尚未出现临床可察的滑膜炎体征 [ 16 ] 。这一定义提示,肌肉骨骼的炎症过程可能在典型症状显现之前即已启动,识别这一阶段对实现早期干预、延缓疾病进展具有重要意义。附着点炎作为PsA的特征性病变之一,已被多项研究证实是银屑病进展为PsA的重要危险因素 [ 16 , 21 - 22 ] 。因此,对银屑病患者进行附着点炎筛查,有助于识别亚临床关节炎症。本指南推荐将附着点炎筛查纳入银屑病患者的常规评估体系,并建议对远端指(趾)间关节、足底筋膜和跟腱等关键部位进行高频超声检查,以提高PsA的早期识别与诊断效能 [ 23 - 24 ] 。大量研究证实,高频超声是PsA筛查、早期诊断及病情监测的重要工具,可有效识别PsA及其亚临床病变。目前超声诊断PsA的声像图特征、敏感度及特异度在不同研究中存在较大异质性 [ 25-26 ] ;同时,超声检查需覆盖多个关节部位,且对操作者经验依赖性较强,因此在临床实践中广泛推行仍面临一定挑战。
临床问题2:银屑病患者出现肌肉骨骼关节疼痛是否就可诊断为PsA?
推荐意见2:银屑病患者出现肌肉骨骼关节疼痛不一定都能诊断为PsA;在PsA诊断成立前,应详细采集病史、认真查体、完善相关辅助检查,与其他骨关节疾病和软组织风湿症进行必要的鉴别诊断。(GPS,共识度:100%)
推荐意见说明:研究表明,约75%的PsA患者首先出现银屑病皮损,平均5~10年后进展为关节炎;约15%的患者关节炎先于皮损出现,另有约10%的患者二者几乎同时发生 [ 1 , 27-28 ] 。需注意的是,银屑病患者出现肌肉骨骼关节疼痛不一定均由PsA引起,该类人群罹患骨关节炎的风险高于普通人群,合并纤维肌痛综合征的风险亦显著升高 [ 29-31 ] 。因此,在评估关节症状时,需警惕这些共病的可能性,及其与PsA症状的叠加效应 [ 32 ] 。PsA的临床表现具有高度异质性和动态演变特点。Moll和Wright [ 33 ] 最早将其分为五种临床表型:远端指间关节炎型、少关节炎型、多关节炎型、中轴(脊柱炎)型和残毁型。随着对疾病认识的深入,2015年GRAPPA共识依据受累部位,将PsA的临床表现进一步划分为外周关节炎、中轴关节炎、附着点炎、指(趾)炎以及皮肤和甲病变 [ 34 ] 。临床实践中,PsA临床表型可随病程发生转换,例如从少关节型进展为多关节型,或由外周关节炎发展为中轴关节炎。鉴于PsA关节受累表现的多样性,其鉴别诊断需结合具体受累部位进行:(1)远端指间关节受累:需与手骨关节炎相鉴别;(2)单个外周关节受累:需与骨关节炎、反应性关节炎、痛风、白塞病相关关节炎、炎症性肠病相关关节炎、感染性关节炎、创伤性关节炎等鉴别;(3)对称性或近端指间关节受累:需重点与类风湿关节炎、骨关节炎鉴别;(4)中轴关节炎:需与强直性脊柱炎、腰椎间盘突出症、骶髂关节致密性骨炎等鉴别。具体鉴别要点见 表2 。
综上,对银屑病患者伴发的关节症状,应综合病史、体格检查及影像学结果进行全面评估,在识别PsA典型特征的同时,也需注意共病及与其他关节疾病的鉴别诊断,以提高诊断准确性。
临床问题3:是否推荐采用银屑病关节炎分类标准(classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis,CASPAR)诊断PsA?
推荐意见3:推荐采用CASPAR标准诊断PsA,但应警惕该标准有一定的误诊率和漏诊率。(GPS,共识度:100%)
推荐意见说明:自1973年以来,多个PsA的诊断或分类标准相继被提出,包括Moll和Wright标准(1973年)、Bennett标准(1979年)、Vasey-Espinoza标准(1984年)、Gladman标准(1987年)、修订的欧洲脊柱关节病研究组(ESSG)标准(1991年)、修订的McGonagle标准(1999年)、Fournie标准(1999年),以及2006年发布的CASPAR标准 [ 33,35-41] 。CASPAR标准是基于一项多中心、大样本、病程匹配的病例对照研究制订,以存在炎症性关节病(累及关节、脊柱或附着点)为必要前提,在此基础上评估以下5项指标:(1)银屑病证据(现症、个人史或家族史);(2)银屑病甲病变;(3)类风湿因子阴性;(4)指(趾)炎(现症或病史);(5)影像学显示近关节端新骨形成。各项指标按权重赋分,累计≥3分即可分类为PsA(具体细则见 表3 )。原始研究显示,CASPAR标准诊断准确性高,敏感性为91.4%,特异性达98.7%[受试者工作特征曲线下面积达0.989(95% CI:0.984~0.995)] [ 41 ] ,且后续多项不同种族和人群中验证性能稳定(敏感性89%~99%,特异性约99%) [ 42-48 ] 。需注意的是,CASPAR标准原始研究的入组人群平均病程达12.5年,因此其在早期PsA诊断中的适用性可能受限。有研究指出,尽管该标准特异性高,但对早期PsA的敏感性相对较低(约87.4%),存在一定的漏诊风险,尤其当患者缺乏典型炎性关节病表现时,其诊断效能可能进一步下降 [ 46 ] 。鉴于CASPAR标准在临床实践中兼具临床便捷性与充分验证的优势,目前仍推荐将其作为PsA的重要分类工具,但在实际应用中需警惕其潜在的漏诊与误诊风险 [ 49 ] 。
临床问题4:如何评价PsA的疾病活动度?
推荐意见4:建议采用66/68个关节的肿胀/压痛计数(66 swollen joint count/68 tender joint count,SJC66/TJC68)评估外周关节炎活动度(GPS,共识度:96.6%);对中轴受累者,推荐采用强直性脊柱炎疾病活动性评分(ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score,ASDAS)进行评估(2C);推荐采用银屑病关节炎疾病活动指数(disease activity index for psoriatic arthritis,DAPSA)或最小疾病活动度(minimal disease activity,MDA)对PsA的疾病活动进行综合评估(2C)。
推荐意见说明:迄今为止,PsA尚缺乏一个适用于所有患者的单一疾病活动度评估工具 [ 50 ] 。由于PsA临床表现多样,评估时需根据受累部位选择相应的评估指标。其中,SJC66和TJC68可较全面地反映外周关节的受累程度,推荐用于评估PsA的外周关节炎活动度 [ 51 ] 。相比之下,类风湿关节炎常用的活动评估工具,如疾病活动评分(disease activity score,DAS)及美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)应答标准,可能无法反映PsA疾病活动的全貌。其中,DAS-28仅评估28个关节,无法覆盖PsA常见的远端指间关节及足部关节等部位;而ACR应答标准虽能较好地评估多关节受累情况,但对少关节受累者存在一定局限性。因此,上述指标均不推荐用于PsA外周关节的评估 [ 52 ] 。
对于伴有中轴受累的PsA患者,可采用ASDAS或Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index,BASDAI)等工具进行评估 [ 53 ] 。研究表明,BASDAI主要依赖患者的主观感受(如晨僵、疲劳等)进行评估,主观性较强,难以全面反映中轴病变的疾病活动度 [ 54 ] 。相比之下,ASDAS除涵盖临床症状外,还纳入了C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)等客观炎症指标,评估维度更为全面、客观。因此,针对中轴型PsA,推荐采用ASDAS作为疾病活动度的评估工具。
PsA常同时累及多个部位,因此临床评估中推荐使用能全面反映疾病活动度的综合工具。目前常用工具包括DAPSA、MDA、PsA疾病活动度评分(psoriatic arthritis disease activity score,PASDAS)、GRAPPA提出的综合活动指数(GRAPPA composite score,GRACE)及PsA综合疾病活动指数(composite psoriatic disease activity index,CPDAI)等。EULAR和GRAPPA指南均优先推荐DAPSA或MDA作为主要评估工具 [ 55-56 ] 。DAPSA涵盖肿胀/压痛关节数、患者整体评估(patient global assessment,PtGA)、疼痛程度和CRP,操作简便且敏感性较高 [ 57 ] ;MDA属于多维评估工具,覆盖关节、皮肤、疼痛、身体功能及附着点炎等多个维度,临床实用性强。相比之下,PASDAS和GRACE等工具结构复杂、操作耗时,在常规临床实践中适用性有限。因此,建议优先采用DAPSA或MDA对PsA整体疾病活动度进行评估。
临床问题5:如何选择PsA的影像学评估方式?
推荐意见5:建议采用超声或MRI评估PsA的活动性病变,采用X线或CT评估其结构性损伤。(GPS,共识度:86.2%)
推荐意见说明:影像学检查在PsA的早期识别与活动性评估中具有重要价值,尤其在监测早期炎症改变方面具有较高的敏感性 [ 58 ] 。目前,超声、X线、CT和MRI等多种影像学方法已广泛用于PsA的临床评估与早期检测 [ 59 ] 。
建议采用超声或MRI评估PsA的活动性病变,主要包括滑膜炎、骨髓水肿、腱鞘炎及附着点炎等。其中,附着点炎是PsA的特征性早期表现,超声凭借其高分辨率及实时动态成像优势,被认为是评估附着点炎的首选影像学方法 [ 60 ] ,不仅能清晰显示关节及周围软组织的形态学改变,还可通过多普勒血流信号量化局部炎症程度 [ 61-62 ] 。在临床应用中,超声对活动性指(趾)炎、腱鞘炎及滑膜炎具有高度敏感性,能准确识别软组织肿胀与血流灌注异常;同时,其对亚临床期PsA亦具有良好的识别能力,加之操作便捷、成本相对较低,适合作为PsA的早期筛查工具。然而,该技术对操作者经验依赖性较强,且难以有效显示骨髓水肿,对中轴关节评估方面存在一定局限 [ 63 ] 。
MRI在评估PsA活动性病变方面具有显著优势,尤其适用于中轴受累的PsA患者。2023年EULAR指南指出,MRI是评估 PsA 活动性病变的重要工具。该技术不仅能清晰显示骨髓水肿、骨结构改变及软组织炎症,对外周关节炎症及骨侵蚀亦具有较高的灵敏度 [ 64-66 ] 。目前,基于标准化评分系统对MRI表现进行定量评估,已成为疾病活动度监测与疗效评价的重要研究方向 [ 67 ] 。然而,受限于检查费用较高、耗时长以及金属植入物、幽闭恐惧症等因素,MRI在轻症或无症状患者中的应用受到一定限制。
对于PsA的结构性损伤,建议选择X线或CT进行评估。X线作为一线筛查手段,尤其适用于外周关节病变,能显示骨皮质不规则、骨侵蚀、新骨形成及软组织钙化等典型结构性改变 [ 68 ] ;然而,其对早期骨侵蚀的敏感度较低,对中轴关节结构的评估能力也相对有限。CT凭借其高分辨率及三维成像优势,可更精准地显示复杂的骨结构异常,尤其适用于X线表现不典型或需进一步明确诊断的病例。
二、PsA的治疗策略
临床问题6:PsA的治疗原则及目标是什么?
推荐意见6:PsA的治疗应遵循个体化原则,并以医患共同决策为基础。皮肤科医师和风湿免疫科医师等多学科协作有助于制订更优化的治疗策略。PsA的治疗应遵循达标策略,目标为实现疾病缓解或达到MDA。(GPS,共识度:100%)
推荐意见说明:PsA具有高度异质性,临床表现多样,因此,PsA的治疗应基于临床表现分型、疾病活动度以及是否存在不良预后因素、共病情况、个人意愿等进行分层、个体化选择,并通过医患共同决策来制定最优方案。当前可用于PsA的系统治疗药物包括:非甾体抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,NSAID),主要用于肌肉骨骼症状的对症处理,适用于轻度疾病患者,不推荐作为延缓结构损伤进展的疾病修饰治疗。传统合成改善病情抗风湿药(conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug,csDMARD),如甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)、来氟米特、柳氮磺吡啶;生物制剂包括TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂;小分子靶向药物包括Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)抑制剂(如托法替布、乌帕替尼)、酪氨酸激酶2(tyrosine kinase 2,TYK2)抑制剂(如氘可来昔替尼)、磷酸二酯酶4(phosphodiesterase-4,PDE-4)抑制剂(如阿普米司特)等。
在诊疗过程中,对于临床表现不典型或难治性患者,建议由风湿免疫科医师与皮肤科医师等多学科团队协作,以提高早期识别率并优化全程管理。达标治疗已成为PsA管理的核心策略。早期PsA炎症严密控制(tight control of psoriatic arthritis,TICOPA)研究显示,相比于常规治疗策略,以MDA为目标的严密控制策略在ACR20、ACR50、ACR70及PASI 75等关键指标上显示出更优的应答率。该研究是目前唯一一项针对PsA达标治疗开展的RCT,为TICOPA策略在临床实践中的应用提供了重要循证依据 [ 69 ] 。目前,GRAPPA、EULAR及ACR/美国国家银屑病基金会(National Psoriasis Foundation,NPF)指南一致推荐,将实现疾病缓解或MDA作为PsA的治疗目标 [ 6-7 ,70 ] 。
临床问题7:如何根据PsA的不同临床表现选择治疗药物?
临床问题7.1:PsA外周关节炎如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见7.1:PsA外周关节炎的治疗推荐NSAID(1B)、csDMARD(MTX、柳氮磺吡啶、来氟米特)(1B)、生物制剂(TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂或IL-23抑制剂)(1B)以及小分子靶向药物[JAK抑制剂(1B)、TYK2 抑制剂(1B)或PDE-4抑制剂(2B)];对单关节受累者,也可考虑关节腔注射糖皮质激素,但不推荐全身应用糖皮质激素(2B)。
推荐意见说明:PsA外周关节炎以外周关节受累为主要特征,临床表现为关节疼痛、肿胀或僵硬,受累关节数量可从少关节到多关节不等 [ 71-73 ] 。在治疗方面,NSAID可用于缓解关节症状,但难以控制疾病的长期进展。当前证据及指南均推荐,csDMARD可作为一线治疗选择 [ 6 , 34 , 74-77 ] 。一项系统评价通过多项研究证据表明,MTX和柳氮磺吡啶在PsA外周关节炎的治疗中具有一定疗效 [ 72 ] 。RCT证据表明,来氟米特在PsA外周关节炎治疗中的应答率显著优于安慰剂 [ 78 ] 。2021年 GRAPPA指南亦推荐MTX、来氟米特和柳氮磺吡啶用于PsA外周关节炎的治疗 [ 6 ] 。对csDMARD应答不佳或不适用者,推荐生物制剂或小分子靶向药物治疗。多项RCT及系统评价一致表明,生物制剂可显著改善外周型PsA患者的关节症状并优化临床结局;其中,TNF-α抑制剂能够显著缓解关节炎症状、延缓结构损伤进展并提高患者生活质量 [ 79 ] ;而对于TNF-α抑制剂应答不佳的患者,IL-17抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂及IL-12/23抑制剂仍能表现出稳定且确切的临床疗效 [ 80-91] 。RCT研究显示,在csDMARD 应答不佳且尚未接受生物制剂治疗的 PsA患者中,托法替布治疗3个月时ACR20应答率为50%~61%,显著高于安慰剂组 [ 92 ] ;而在TNF-α抑制剂应答不佳的患者中,托法替布治疗3个月时ACR20应答率为47%~50%,同样显著优于安慰剂组 [ 93 ] 。在既往生物制剂应答不佳的患者中,乌帕替尼治疗12周ACR20应答率为56.9%~63.8%,且疗效可维持至56周以上 [ 94 ] 。全球两项Ⅲ期研究POETYK PsA-1和POETYK PsA-2显示,TYK2抑制剂氘可来昔替尼在活动性PsA患者中具有明确疗效。无论是生物制剂初治者,还是TNF-α抑制剂经治者,治疗16周时的ACR20应答率均达到54%,显示出一致且稳定的治疗效果。目前,氘可来昔替尼已获美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于成人活动性PsA的治疗。当患者对csDMARD应答不佳或不适用,且生物制剂与JAK抑制剂同样不适用时,可考虑使用PDE-4抑制剂 [ 6-7 ] 。PDE-4抑制剂阿普米司特已于2014年获FDA批准用于PsA治疗。在既往接受过csDMARD和(或)生物制剂治疗的患者中,阿普米司特仍可表现出良好的临床疗效,治疗16周时ACR20应答率可达到31%~41% [ 95 ] 。2023年EULAR指南指出,对于表现为少关节炎或附着点炎且无不良预后因素的PsA患者,可考虑选择PDE-4抑制剂 [ 7 ] 。对单关节受累者可考虑关节腔注射糖皮质激素,但不推荐全身性应用糖皮质激素 [ 7 , 96 ] 。
临床问题7.2:PsA中轴关节炎如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见7.2:PsA中轴关节炎的治疗推荐NSAID(1B)、生物制剂(TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂)(1B)以及JAK抑制剂(2B)。
推荐意见说明:约5%的PsA患者可出现中轴关节受累,其临床表现与强直性脊柱炎相似,少数患者仅表现为脊柱炎而不伴骶髂关节炎。NSAID被多个指南及共识推荐为PsA中轴关节炎的一线治疗选择 [ 6-8 ] 。对NSAID应答不佳者,推荐启动生物制剂以及JAK抑制剂。多项研究证实,TNF-α抑制剂及IL-17抑制剂均可有效改善中轴关节炎症状 [ 97-98 ] ;而IL-23抑制剂及IL-12/23抑制剂目前尚缺乏支持其用于中轴受累的有效证据。多项研究显示,JAK1/3抑制剂托法替布及JAK1抑制剂乌帕替尼对中轴关节炎症状控制有效。托法替布治疗3个月时,达到BASDAI<4 cm的患者比例显著高于安慰剂组(37.2%比15.8%);此外,在第14周时,接受乌帕替尼治疗的患者达到国际脊柱关节炎评估协会40%改善(ASAS40)应答的比例亦显著高于安慰剂组(45%比18%) [ 99-100 ] 。然而,上述证据主要来源于强直性脊柱炎人群,尚缺乏以PsA中轴关节炎患者为目标人群的高质量研究。csDMARD、TYK2抑制剂以及PDE-4抑制剂因缺乏中轴关节炎疗效证据,不推荐用于中轴受累者 [ 101-104 ] 。
临床问题7.3:PsA附着点炎如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见7.3:PsA附着点炎的治疗推荐NSAID(1B)、MTX(1B)、生物制剂(TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂或IL-23抑制剂)(1B)以及小分子靶向药物[JAK抑制剂(1B)、TYK2抑制剂(1B)或PDE-4抑制剂(2B)]。
推荐意见说明:附着点炎是指肌腱、韧带等结构附着于骨骼处的炎症,是脊柱关节炎的关键病理特征,也是PsA的特征性临床表现之一,约见于30%的患者 [ 105 ] 。NSAID因安全性良好、经济易得,推荐作为缓解症状的一线选择。对NSAID应答不佳者,推荐使用MTX等csDMARD [ 7 , 75 ] 。若csDMARD应答不佳或不适用,推荐使用生物制剂或小分子靶向药物。多项RCT已证实生物制剂对附着点炎的明确疗效 [ 6-7 , 106-107 ] 。此外,基于两项Ⅲ期RCT的事后分析显示,乌帕替尼治疗35周后,患者的利兹附着点炎指数(LEI)平均改善2分 [ 108 ] 。POETYK PsA-1和PsA-2的汇总分析亦表明,氘可来昔替尼可有效改善附着点炎。治疗16周时,加拿大脊柱关节病研究联盟附着点炎缓解率高于安慰剂组(47%比36%),且该疗效可维持至第52周。对于csDMARD应答不佳或不适用,且生物制剂、JAK抑制剂及TYK2抑制剂同样不适用时,可考虑使用PDE-4抑制剂。阿普米司特治疗52周后,20 mg与30 mg组分别有39.6%和45.9%的患者实现Maastricht强直性脊柱炎附着点炎评分(MASES)完全缓解(评分为0分) [ 109 ] 。
临床问题7.4:PsA指(趾)炎如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见7.4:PsA指(趾)炎的治疗推荐 NSAID(1B)、MTX(1B)、生物制剂(TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂或IL-23抑制剂)(1B)以及小分子靶向药物[JAK抑制剂(1B)、TYK2抑制剂(1B)或PDE-4抑制剂(2B)]。
推荐意见说明:指(趾)炎是PsA的特征性表现之一,典型表现为一个或多个手指或足趾的弥漫性肿胀,形似腊肠,故又称“腊肠指(趾)”。对于孤立性指(趾)炎,NSAID可有效缓解局部炎症和关节不适,但难以控制疾病的长期进展。当前指南与多项研究证实,csDMARD对指(趾)炎具有明确疗效,能够有效抑制免疫反应并延缓疾病进展。其中,MTX在控制皮损及关节症状、维持长期疗效方面更具优势 [ 6 , 76-77 ,110 ] 。TICOPA研究的亚组分析显示,对于基线合并指(趾)炎的PsA患者,MTX治疗第12周时,利兹指(趾)炎指数(LDI)显著改善,指(趾)炎患者数较基线减少62.7% [ 77 ] 。2023年EULAR指南指出,来氟米特与柳氮磺吡啶对指(趾)炎可能具有一定疗效,但目前尚缺乏高级别循证医学证据明确其临床获益,因此,建议仅将两者作为潜在治疗选择,应在充分权衡获益与风险后谨慎使用 [ 7 ] 。对于csDMARD应答不佳或不适用者,尤其伴多关节受累或炎症明显的患者,推荐生物制剂或小分子靶向药物治疗 [ 6-7 ] 。多项RCT证实,生物制剂可靶向干预PsA关键致病通路,显著缓解炎症、阻止关节结构损伤进展,并对指(趾)炎具有确切疗效 [ 84 , 111-113 ] 。2023年EULAR及2021年GRAPPA指南均推荐生物制剂,包括TNF-α抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂或IL-23抑制剂,用于指(趾)炎的治疗 [ 6-7 ] 。对生物制剂疗效不佳或不适用者,可选择JAK抑制剂。一项纳入四项Ⅲ期RCT的系统评价显示,接受JAK抑制剂(乌帕替尼或托法替布)治疗的患者,其指(趾)炎完全缓解率显著更高( RR=1.85,95% CI:1.57~2.16) [ 114 ] 。POETYK PsA-1和PsA-2的汇总分析显示,氘可来昔替尼在治疗第16周时指/趾炎改善率较安慰剂更高(58%比44%),且疗效获益持续至第52周。若患者对csDMARD应答不佳或不适用,且生物制剂、JAK抑制剂以及TYK2抑制剂同样不适用时,PDE-4抑制剂可作为替代治疗选择 [ 7 , 113 ] 。一项Ⅲ期RCT显示,在基线存在指(趾)炎的患者中,阿普米司特30 mg治疗至第24周时,指(趾)炎评分较基线平均下降2.4分,疗效显著优于安慰剂 [ 115 ] 。
临床问题7.5:PsA皮肤受累如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见7.5:对轻度皮肤受累的PsA患者,推荐局部治疗或光疗(GPS,共识度:100%);对中重度皮肤受累者,推荐使用MTX(1B)、生物制剂(优先推荐IL-17抑制剂和IL-23抑制剂)(1A)以及小分子靶向药物[JAK抑制剂(1B)、TYK2抑制剂(1B)或PDE-4抑制剂(2B)]。
推荐意见说明:PsA的治疗需兼顾关节与皮损症状的双重改善。皮肤受累的严重程度通常依据体表受累面积(body surface area,BSA)、银屑病面积与严重程度指数(psoriasis area and severity index,PASI)及皮肤病生活质量指数(dermatology life quality index,DLQI)综合评估。轻度为BSA<3%、PASI<3分、DLQI<6分;中度为BSA 3%~<10%、PASI 3~<10分、DLQI 6~<10分;重度为BSA≥10%、PASI≥10分、DLQI≥10分 [ 116 ] 。针对不同严重程度,推荐分层治疗。轻度皮肤受累者,国内外指南一致推荐局部治疗,常用药物包括糖皮质激素、维生素D3衍生物、芳香烃受体激动剂及钙调磷酸酶抑制剂等 [ 6 ,8 ] ;若局部治疗效果不佳,可联合窄谱中波紫外线(narrowband ultraviolet B,NB-UVB)治疗 [ 116 ] 。中重度皮肤受累者,建议启动系统治疗。传统治疗中,MTX作为一线治疗药物,多项RCT证实其对关节及皮损均具有显著疗效,获国内外指南一致推荐 [ 8 ,16 ] ;来氟米特与柳氮磺吡啶主要改善关节症状,对银屑病皮损的疗效相对有限。环孢素对皮损与关节均有一定疗效,但因潜在的肝肾毒性、高血压及感染风险,临床应用需严格监测安全性 [ 117-118 ] 。生物制剂对银屑病皮损疗效显著,其中IL-17抑制剂和IL-23抑制剂在皮损改善方面更具优势。对生物制剂应答不佳或不适用者,小分子靶向药物是重要的替代治疗选择。现有RCT证实,JAK抑制剂(托法替布、乌帕替尼)、TYK2抑制剂(氘可来昔替尼)及PDE-4抑制剂(阿普米司特)可同步改善关节与皮肤症状 [ 119-123 ] 。此外,口服IL-23受体抑制剂已进入PsA的Ⅲ期临床阶段,未来有望为PsA的口服靶向治疗提供更多选择。
PsA的不同临床表现对应的治疗流程见 图1 。
图1 银屑病关节炎的治疗流程图
注:NSAID为非甾体抗炎药;MTX为甲氨蝶呤;JAK为Janus激酶;TYK2为酪氨酸激酶2;PDE-4为磷酸二酯酶4;csDMARD为传统合成改善病情抗风湿药;TNF-α为肿瘤坏死因子α;IL为白细胞介素
临床问题8:TNF-α抑制剂能否与MTX联合用于治疗PsA?
推荐意见8:应用TNF-α抑制剂时,可考虑与MTX联合应用,有利于降低TNF-α抑制剂的继发性失效率。(2C)
推荐意见说明:在PsA治疗中,MTX与生物制剂联用的长期获益虽有争议,但近期研究显示联合治疗有助于提升临床缓解率 [ 124 ] 。2023年EULAR指南建议,对csDMARD(如MTX)应答不佳、需启用TNF-α抑制剂的外周关节炎患者,可考虑联合治疗方案 [ 7 ] 。现有证据表明,TNF-α抑制剂与MTX联用有助于提高临床缓解率,降低生物制剂继发性失效率,从而改善药物留存、维持长期疗效稳定并减少复发。一项欧洲大型观察性研究证实,英夫利西单抗或阿达木单抗与MTX联合治疗可显著提高临床缓解率并改善药物留存 [ 124 ] 。挪威的一项研究进一步证实,TNF-α抑制剂与MTX联用患者连续3年药物留存率显著高于生物制剂单药组,且未联合使用MTX是导致生物制剂停药的独立风险因素 [ 125 ] 。然而,长期联合治疗可能增加肝毒性等不良反应风险,治疗期间需密切监测相关安全性指标 [ 126 ] 。此外,目前尚无充分证据支持IL-17抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂或IL-12/23抑制剂与MTX联合使用的明确获益,故不建议在该类生物制剂中常规采用联合策略。
临床问题9:如何进行PsA靶向药物的转换治疗?
推荐意见9:对生物制剂原发性治疗失败的PsA患者,推荐换用不同作用机制的生物制剂或JAK抑制剂;对生物制剂继发性治疗失效的患者,推荐选择作用机制相同但结构不同的生物制剂或不同作用机制的生物制剂或JAK抑制剂。(GPS,共识度:82.7%)
推荐意见说明:在PsA治疗过程中,需定期评估疗效并适时调整方案。若患者在接受生物制剂治疗16周后仍未能达到ACR20和(或)PASI 50应答,未实现预期的临床缓解目标,被视为原发性治疗失败。对于此类患者,推荐换用不同作用机制的生物制剂或JAK抑制剂。若患者对生物制剂初始反应良好,但随着时间推移疗效逐渐减弱,无法维持满意的疗效或生活质量,则称为继发性治疗失败。针对继发性失效,可考虑转换至相同机制但结构不同的生物制剂,或改用不同作用机制的生物制剂或JAK抑制剂。
2022年英国风湿病学会(British Society for Rheumatology,BSR)指南和2023年EULAR指南均强调,对靶向治疗应答不佳的PsA患者应采取灵活的药物转换策略。BSR指南指出,对原发性失效患者宜选用不同作用模式的药物;而对继发性失效者,可优先考虑相同作用模式的其他药物。一项多中心回顾性分析表明,即使在不同的TNF-α抑制剂之间转换,部分PsA患者仍可获益 [ 127 ] 。此外,JAK抑制剂(如乌帕替尼、托法替布)因其作用机制覆盖更广泛的炎症通路,为生物制剂治疗失败或不耐受的患者提供了重要替代选择 [ 7 ] 。研究证实,乌帕替尼对生物制剂应答不佳或不耐受的患者具有显著疗效,且能持续维持56 周以上 [ 128 ] 。托法替布在TNF-α抑制剂治疗失败的PsA患者中也显示出良好的疗效 [ 100 ] 。需要说明的是,目前多数原始研究未严格区分原发性与继发性失效,相关高级别证据仍有限。因此,本推荐意见主要基于现有指南与专家共识形成,旨在为临床实践提供基于当前证据的决策参考。
临床问题10:PsA的治疗可以减药或停药吗?
推荐意见10:对于达到临床缓解并维持≥6个月的PsA患者,可考虑在严密监测下逐步减量(如延长给药间隔或减少单次剂量),但不建议完全停药。(GPS,共识度:93.1%)
推荐意见说明:对于已处于持续低疾病活动度或临床缓解的PsA患者,可在严密监测下将治疗药物逐步减量,但原则上不推荐完全停药,以降低复发风险。目前,炎性关节病减停药策略的高级别证据主要源于类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)研究。证据表明,RA患者停用改善病情抗风湿药(disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug,DMARD)后复发风险显著增加,且可能导致不可逆的关节结构性损伤 [ 129 ] 。因此,临床实践中通常建议RA患者至少保留一种DMARD长期维持治疗;对持续缓解超过6个月者,可审慎实施减量方案 [ 130 ] 。然而,PsA领域尚缺乏直接、高质量的减停药预后研究。基于现有指南或共识,本指南建议:对已达治疗目标且病情持续缓解超过6个月的PsA患者,应在医患共同决策的基础上,个体化地选择延长给药间隔或减少单次给药剂量,但仍不推荐完全停药。因此,临床医师在决策前应充分告知患者潜在的复发风险、疾病进展可能性及再次达标的难度。
临床问题11:哪些植物药可用于治疗PsA?
推荐意见11:雷公藤多苷治疗PsA的应用指征和时机与MTX相似,可单用或与MTX联合使用,但应警惕其生殖毒性风险;白芍总苷可作为PsA的辅助治疗。(2C)
推荐意见说明:PsA在中医辨证体系中多归属于“痹病”范畴,常见证型包括湿热痹阻、热毒痹阻及痰瘀阻络等 [ 131 ] 。雷公藤多苷与白芍总苷等植物药在我国PsA临床治疗中广泛应用,并获《中国银屑病诊疗指南(2023版)》和《中国关节病型银屑病诊疗共识(2020版)》推荐 [ 8 , 116 ] 。雷公藤多苷具有明确的抗炎与免疫调节作用。研究表明,其单药治疗可改善PsA患者的关节与皮损症状,与MTX联用可进一步提高疗效 [ 132-133 ] 。与来氟米特联合亦显示出更优的临床应答;与白芍总苷或其他中药复方配伍,有助于增强远期疗效 [ 134-135 ] 。需注意的是,雷公藤多苷存在一定毒性风险,用药期间应定期监测血常规及肝肾功能,并重点关注其对生殖系统的不良影响。白芍总苷作为经典中药提取物,兼具抗炎、免疫调节及改善微循环作用。研究显示,其与MTX联用可降低PsA患者血清炎症因子水平 [ 136 ] ;与来氟米特联用疗效优于来氟米特单药治疗 [ 137-138 ] ;与雷公藤多苷联用时,可增强抗炎效果并延长症状缓解时间 [ 135 ] 。
目前关于雷公藤多苷与白芍总苷治疗PsA的研究多为中小样本临床研究,证据级别有限,但基于现有临床数据及国内实践共识,两者在PsA治疗中具有明确疗效,已获得国内专家的一致认可。
三、PsA的共病管理
临床问题12:如何进行PsA共病的筛查与管理?
推荐意见12:PsA常发生共病,应加强多学科合作,定期进行共病筛查,并对伴有共病的PsA患者进行全面病情评估及综合管理。(GPS,共识度:100%)
推荐意见说明:PsA是一种累及多系统的慢性炎症性疾病,常合并多种共病,包括心血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖与代谢综合征、骨质疏松症、代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)、情绪障碍(如抑郁和焦虑)、炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)(克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎)以及葡萄膜炎等 [ 139 ] 。约42%的患者合并3种及以上共病,且这些共病随病程延长呈进行性加重,对患者健康构成潜在威胁 [ 140 ] 。因此,对PsA患者需定期进行共病评估。
1.心血管疾病:PsA患者心血管风险显著升高,较普通人群增加43%,偶发心血管事件风险增加55%,心血管疾病是PsA患者首要死亡原因 [ 141 ] 。心血管相关共病的评估措施与一般心血管高风险人群基本一致,常规评估包括血压、血糖、血脂及心电图,必要时检测甲状腺功能。30岁及以上患者建议完善冠状动脉钙化评分。评估发现异常或出现相关症状者应及时转诊心脏专科进一步筛查 [ 142-145 ] 。
2.糖尿病:银屑病患者胰岛素抵抗患病率约为16%,该关联独立于疾病严重程度及代谢综合征等混杂因素 [ 146 ] 。PsA患者糖尿病发生率为9%~36%,可能与不良生活方式、炎症相关胰岛素抵抗及遗传易感性有关 [ 8 , 147 ] 。建议合并糖尿病的PsA患者定期至内分泌科就诊并监测血糖。对超重/肥胖、PASI评分为中重度或BSA>10%的患者,建议增加血糖监测频率,并评估体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和甘油三酯水平 [ 116 ] 。
3.肥胖和代谢综合征:PsA患者代谢综合征患病率在23.5%~58.1% [ 148-149 ] ,显著高于寻常型银屑病患者。该人群超声下颈动脉内膜中层厚度增厚更为明显,且这一风险独立于传统心血管危险因素。值得注意的是,PsA患者中肥胖的发生率高于银屑病、RA及普通人群 [ 147 ] 。建议对所有PsA患者每年监测身高、体重、腰围和BMI;对于初始BMI正常者,至少每2年复查一次 [ 145 ] 。
4.MAFLD:PsA患者中脂肪肝较为常见,多与肥胖和(或)糖尿病合并存在。研究表明,中重度PsA患者的肝病(包括肝硬化)患病率显著高于轻度患者 [ 8 , 147 ] 。对于合并超重/肥胖及糖代谢异常(糖尿病前期或糖尿病)的PsA患者,建议在诊断时即行肝酶筛查;若同时合并血脂异常、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停或MAFLD家族史等高危因素,则应更早进行筛查。若出现以下情况时,建议进一步行MAFLD专项筛查(首选腹部超声):(1)肝酶指标持续升高;(2)新发糖尿病;(3)新诊断代谢综合征。筛查结果异常者,应转诊至肝病专科,以系统评估肝脏脂肪变性及纤维化程度,必要时行肝脏活检 [ 150 ] 。
5.情绪障碍:PsA患者伴发抑郁和焦虑的比例分别为36.6%和22.2%,高于寻常型银屑病(24.4%和9.6%) [ 151 ] ,其抑郁风险为类风湿关节炎患者的3~5倍 [ 8 , 152 ] 。建议每年使用贝克抑郁量表第2版(Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ,BDI-Ⅱ)等工具筛查焦虑和抑郁症状,异常者应转诊精神心理科进行评估与干预 [ 153 ] 。
6.IBD:PsA患者IBD的平均患病率为3.3%,高于寻常型银屑病 [ 154-155 ] 。建议在初诊时进行IBD筛查,包括粪隐血检查,必要时行消化道内镜。异常者需转诊消化科评估,确诊患者应定期于消化科随访评估 [ 156 ] 。
7.葡萄膜炎:约31%的PsA患者合并眼部病变,葡萄膜炎最常见,患病率达25% [ 147 ] 。建议在初诊时询问眼部症状,每1~2年进行眼科常规检查,包括视力、眼压、裂隙灯及眼底检查等。眼科随访频率应基于疾病严重程度,并与眼科专家共同商定,确诊葡萄膜炎者需转诊眼科治疗 [ 157-158 ] 。
临床问题13:对伴有共病的PsA患者应如何选择靶向药物?
临床问题13.1:对有葡萄膜炎史的PsA患者应如何选择靶向药物?
推荐意见13.1:有葡萄膜炎史的PsA患者,优先选择TNF-α抑制剂(依那西普除外)。(1B)
推荐意见说明:葡萄膜炎是影响靶向药物选择的重要合并症 [ 7 ] 。除依那西普外,其他TNF-α抑制剂均被推荐用于治疗葡萄膜炎,其中,阿达木单抗是目前唯一正式获批该适应证的TNF-α抑制剂,其疗效已获两项Ⅲ期RCT证实 [ 6 , 159-161 ] 。而依那西普则因疗效欠佳且存在潜在加重病情的风险,应避免使用 [ 6 ] 。对于其他生物制剂,目前尚缺乏高质量证据支持其用于葡萄膜炎的治疗,故不予推荐 [ 159 ] 。
临床问题13.2:对合并IBD的PsA患者应如何选择靶向药物?
推荐意见13.2:合并IBD的PsA患者,应避免使用IL-17抑制剂;推荐TNF-α抑制剂(依那西普除外)、IL-12/23抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂以及JAK抑制剂(其中乌帕替尼适用于溃疡性结肠炎与克罗恩病,托法替布仅适用于溃疡性结肠炎)。(1B)
推荐意见说明:PsA常合并IBD,包括克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎和未分类IBD。药物选择需同时兼顾PsA与IBD的治疗需求。现有系统评价及高质量RCT证实,除依那西普外的TNF-α抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂及IL-23抑制剂对IBD具有确切疗效,可作为合并IBD患者的治疗选择。JAK抑制剂中,多项Ⅲ期RCT已证实,乌帕替尼与托法替布对溃疡性结肠炎具有确切疗效 [ 162-163 ] 。其中,乌帕替尼还可促进克罗恩病患者的黏膜愈合与内镜下改善 [ 164 ] 。但需注意,托法替布在治疗克罗恩病的关键RCT中未达主要临床终点,因此 EULAR 等国际指南不推荐其用于克罗恩病的治疗 [ 7 , 165 ] 。值得特别关注的是,IL-17抑制剂可能加重IBD病情,故禁用于合并IBD的PsA患者 [ 166 ] 。此外,PDE-4抑制剂在溃疡性结肠炎的Ⅱ期RCT中虽显示出临床症状与内镜表现的改善趋势,但并未达到12周临床缓解的主要终点,且不同剂量组结果存在矛盾,目前尚缺乏充分的循证依据支持其用于IBD的治疗 [ 167-168 ] 。
临床问题13.3:对合并严重或晚期充血性心力衰竭或血栓形成风险的PsA患者应如何选择靶向药物?
推荐意见13.3:合并严重或晚期充血性心力衰竭的PsA患者,不宜使用TNF-α抑制剂(1B)。有动静脉血栓形成风险的PsA患者,不宜使用JAK抑制剂(2C)。
推荐意见说明:PsA患者发生心脑血管疾病的风险增加,生物制剂的使用未增加主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的风险。但需注意,对于合并严重或晚期[纽约心脏协会心功能分级(New York Heart Association,NYHA)Ⅲ~Ⅳ级]充血性心力衰竭的PsA患者,应避免使用TNF-α抑制剂 [ 6 ] 。有研究证实,JAK抑制剂在临床应用中可能会增加MACE和静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的发生风险 [ 119 , 169 ] 。因此,对于有MACE或VTE风险的PsA患者,应避免使用JAK抑制剂 [ 6 ] 。
四、PsA特殊人群的用药
临床问题14:特殊人群PsA应如何选择治疗药物?
临床问题14.1:妊娠期和哺乳期PsA患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.1:对于妊娠期和哺乳期PsA患者,生物制剂首选培塞利珠单抗(1B);妊娠期和哺乳期PsA患者应禁用MTX、来氟米特及小分子靶向药物(GPS,共识度:92%)。
推荐意见说明:在csDMARD中,MTX与来氟米特具有明确致畸性,妊娠期患者禁用。计划妊娠者建议受孕前停用MTX至少3个月;来氟米特通常需停药2年以上,必要时可采用消胆胺洗脱方案以加速药物清除 [ 170 ] 。环孢素虽被部分国际指南列为妊娠期兼容药物,但具体安全性尚不明确,临床实践中需在严密监测下谨慎使用。鉴于其存在新生儿免疫抑制的潜在风险且可经乳汁排泄,哺乳期建议避免使用 [ 171-172 ] 。多项研究指出,柳氮磺吡啶与硫唑嘌呤在妊娠期使用相对安全 [ 173-176 ] 。
妊娠期和哺乳期PsA患者若因病情需要启用生物制剂,需在充分权衡母胎获益与风险,并经患者知情同意后审慎决策。总体而言,TNF-α抑制剂在妊娠期与哺乳期相对安全,可考虑使用 [ 177 ] 。其中,培塞利珠单抗因缺乏Fc片段,胎盘转运率极低,且在母乳中分泌量甚微,婴儿经母乳发生全身吸收的可能性较低,因此在妊娠全程及哺乳期均可考虑使用 [ 178-179 ] 。其他TNF-α抑制剂(如英夫利西单抗和阿达木单抗)可通过胎盘发生主动转运,建议在妊娠20周前完成末次给药。若因病情需要在孕晚期仍继续使用,建议新生儿出生后6个月内应避免接种活疫苗 [ 175 , 180-181 ] 。目前,IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂及IL-23抑制剂在妊娠期及哺乳期的安全性数据十分有限,临床实践中建议谨慎使用 [ 182 ] 。计划妊娠者,建议在受孕前停用相应生物制剂至少5个半衰期,或严格遵循具体药品说明书中推荐的洗脱时间 [ 116 ] 。
目前,小分子靶向药物(阿普米司特、托法替布、乌帕替尼、氘可来昔替尼)在妊娠期及哺乳期的安全性数据较为有限。临床前研究提示,上述药物可能存在致畸风险,且可经乳汁排泄,故妊娠期及哺乳期应避免使用 [ 183-186 ] 。对于计划妊娠者,建议受孕前至少停药4周 [ 187 ] 。
临床问题14.2:幼年型PsA(juvenile psoriatic arthritis,JPsA)患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.2:对于JPsA,应优先选择有儿童适应证的PsA治疗药物。(1C)
推荐意见说明:JPsA是幼年特发性关节炎(juvenile idiopathic arthritis,JIA)的一个亚型,约占JIA病例的1%~7% [ 188 ] 。在传统治疗中,多项前瞻性RCT支持将NSAID(如塞来昔布)作为JPsA的初始治疗选择,该建议已被纳入美国风湿病学会与关节炎基金会(American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation,ACR/AF)发布的JIA指南 [ 189-193 ] 。2019年EULAR指南基于多项队列研究指出,对于伴外周关节炎的患儿,可考虑使用MTX,柳氮磺吡啶和来氟米特可作为替代方案 [ 68-69 , 194-195 ] 。近年来,多种生物制剂已获批用于JPsA或JIA患儿。我国已批准阿达木单抗用于2岁及以上JIA患者 [ 196-199 ] 。一项前瞻性RCT显示,阿达木单抗治疗第12周可显著改善 JIA患儿的症状与体征,且疗效维持至第52周 [ 199 ] 。依那西普分别获美国和欧盟批准用于2岁及以上、对传统治疗应答不佳的JIA患者。RCT研究证实,依那西普可显著改善活动性多关节型幼年RA病情,且耐受性良好 [ 200 ] 。英国批准司库奇尤单抗用于6岁及以上、对常规治疗反应不佳或不耐受的JPsA患者。Ⅲ期RCT研究显示,在附着点炎相关性关节炎(enthesitis-related arthritis,ERA)及JPsA患儿中,司库奇尤单抗可显著延长疾病复发时间 [ 201 ] 。美国FDA已批准古塞奇尤单抗用于年龄≥6岁且体重≥40 kg的活动性PsA患者。基于多项Ⅲ期RCT的外推分析显示,儿童与成人患者在古塞奇尤单抗的药代动力学、临床疗效及安全性方面具有高度一致性,提示成人PsA的有效性与安全性证据可外推至儿童人群,从而支持其在儿童PsA患者中的应用 [ 202 ] 。FDA此前亦已批准乌司奴单抗用于6岁及以上的JPsA患者,其适应证同样建立在成人PsA疗效数据向儿童人群外推的基础之上 [ 203 ] 。在小分子药物方面,欧盟委员会已批准托法替布用于2岁及以上、对传统治疗疗效不足的JIA患者,一项Ⅲ期RCT研究证实其对多关节型JIA患者具有确切疗效 [ 204 ] 。其他小分子药物如阿普米司特、乌帕替尼等在JPsA治疗中尚缺乏相关研究证据。
临床问题14.3:合并乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染的PsA患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.3:对于乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性的PsA患者,在未启动抗HBV治疗前,禁用csDMARD、生物制剂、JAK抑制剂及TYK2 抑制剂(1B)。对于HBsAg阴性但乙型肝炎核心抗体(hepatitis B core antibody,HBcAb)阳性的PsA患者,在考虑系统治疗前,需结合HBV-脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)定量结果进行综合评估(GPS,共识度:100%)。
推荐意见说明:我国是HBV感染高发区,且免疫抑制剂与靶向药物存在病毒再激活风险。因此,所有计划接受csDMARD或靶向治疗(PDE-4抑制剂除外)的PsA患者,治疗前均应筛查HBV血清学标志物(乙肝两对半),必要时检测HBV-DNA [ 205-206 ] 。
对于HBsAg阳性者,应先检测HBV-DNA [ 206 ] 。若HBV-DNA为阴性,建议在预防性抗病毒治疗3周后方可启动上述药物治疗,并全程联合抗病毒治疗。若HBV-DNA检测为阳性,应立即转诊至肝病专科进一步诊治,待HBV-DNA转阴后方可考虑启用上述药物治疗,并在治疗期间持续联合抗病毒治疗。
对于HBsAg阴性且HBcAb阴性者,可直接使用上述药物治疗。对于HBsAg阴性但HBcAb阳性的患者,在启动系统治疗前,需进一步检测HBV-DNA及肝功能。若HBV-DNA阴性且肝功能正常,可使用上述治疗药物,但建议治疗期间定期(如每3~6个月)监测HBV-DNA及肝功能 [ 206 ] ;若HBV-DNA阳性或肝功能异常,建议先行至肝病专科就诊,待HBV-DNA转阴后方可开始治疗,且需全程抗病毒治疗。
现有证据表明,csDMARD(如MTX)、TNF-α抑制剂及JAK抑制剂乙肝再激活风险明确,临床使用中需严格遵循相关筛查、监测路径。白细胞介素类生物制剂(如IL-17抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂)的乙肝再激活风险相对较低,但仍需筛查与监测。目前关于TYK2抑制剂相关HBV再激活风险的证据仍有限,治疗期间应动态监测肝功能及HBV再激活相关指标。目前无证据表明PDE-4抑制剂存在HBV再激活风险,因此无需常规筛查 [ 207-211 ] 。
临床问题14.4:合并结核感染的PsA患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.4:对于合并活动性结核的PsA患者,禁用csDMARD、生物制剂、JAK抑制剂及TYK2抑制剂;对于潜伏结核或非活动性结核病的PsA患者,建议使用MTX、IL-17抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂或PDE-4抑制剂。(GPS,共识度:86.2%)
推荐意见说明:所有计划接受csDMARD或靶向治疗的PsA患者(PDE-4抑制剂除外),治疗前均需完成结核感染筛查,筛查内容应包括:病史与体征、胸部影像学检查、结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative,PPD)试验及干扰素γ释放试验(interferon-γ release assay,IGRA) [ 212-213 , 214 ] 。确诊为活动性结核者,应禁止使用上述药物治疗,并优先接受规范的抗结核治疗。
对于合并潜伏结核或非活动性结核的PsA患者,应根据不同药物的结核再激活风险制定个体化防治策略。MTX结核再激活风险较低。2024皮肤炎症与银屑病国际协作网(Skin Inflammation and Psoriasis International Network,SPIN)-勒内图雷纳基金会(Fondation René Touraine,FRT)专家共识指出,对于仅使用MTX且不伴其他危险因素的潜伏结核感染者,可在专科医师充分评估后考虑省略预防性抗结核治疗,但需密切随访。需要强调的是,采取预防性抗结核治疗仍是更为安全的选择,尤其适用于以下情况:患者同时存在其他风险因素,或未来可能升级至生物制剂(尤其是TNF-α抑制剂)治疗时 [ 212 ] 。多项研究证实,TNF-α抑制剂与结核再激活风险显著相关,建议在启动该类药物治疗前必须完成预防性抗结核治疗 [ 215-218 ] 。而IL-17抑制剂与 IL-23抑制剂的结核再激活风险较低,可作为合并潜伏结核患者的生物制剂优选。2024 SPIN-FRT专家共识指出,对于抗结核治疗毒性风险较低的潜伏结核患者,可考虑省略预防性治疗 [ 212 , 219-222 ] 。IL-12/23抑制剂及TYK2抑制剂,目前结核再激活相关证据有限,但考虑到其对结核免疫防御通路的潜在影响,建议在使用此类药物前进行预防性抗结核治疗 [ 223-226 ] 。目前无证据提示PDE-4 抑制剂与结核再激活相关,因此使用前无需常规进行结核筛查或预防性治疗 [ 115 , 227-229 ] 。
所有需预防性抗结核治疗的患者,应在抗结核用药满4周后方可启动免疫抑制治疗 [ 182 ] 。预防性治疗方案应由专科医师制定,以规避耐药风险。治疗期间应定期随访监测:建议于治疗后第3、6个月及此后每6个月复查胸部影像学、IGRA及PPD。对于使用TNF-α抑制剂或合并其他高危因素的患者,应酌情缩短随访间隔,加强监测频率 [ 225 ] 。
临床问题14.5:合并真菌感染的PsA患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.5:合并活动性系统性真菌感染的PsA患者,建议先行抗真菌治疗,待感染控制后再启动PsA系统治疗;生物制剂中,不宜使用IL-17抑制剂,建议使用IL-12/23抑制剂或IL-23抑制剂,TNF-α抑制剂需谨慎使用。(2C)
推荐意见说明:真菌感染依据侵犯深度分为浅部、深部及系统性真菌病。系统性真菌病累及内脏器官,病情严重且死亡率较高 [ 226 ] 。对于合并活动性系统性真菌病的PsA患者,应首先进行系统性抗真菌治疗,待真菌感染控制、病情稳定后再评估启动系统性治疗。不同靶向药物的真菌感染风险存在差异。多项研究显示,IL-12/23抑制剂及IL-23抑制剂诱发真菌感染的风险较低 [ 89 , 230-232 ] 。IL-17在诱导抗菌肽生成、增强宿主免疫防御中发挥重要作用 [ 233 ] 。使用IL-17抑制剂可显著增加念珠菌感染风险,少数患者可能发生侵袭性真菌感染,故不宜用于活动性系统性真菌感染者 [ 232 , 234-236 ] 。多项观察性研究发现,TNF-α抑制剂相关侵袭性真菌感染发生率较低,但若患者合并其他高危因素(如器官移植、血液肿瘤、合用糖皮质激素等)或处于特定地方性真菌病流行区,感染风险明显升高,因此需谨慎使用 [ 237-238 ] 。现有安全性数据表明,JAK抑制剂(如乌帕替尼、托法替布)与侵袭性真菌感染及其他机会性感染风险升高相关,此类药物需经充分风险-获益评估后谨慎选用 [ 239-241 ] 。目前关于TYK2抑制剂在合并真菌感染患者中的安全性证据仍有限。现有研究尚未发现明显侵袭性真菌感染风险增加,且其念珠菌感染风险可能低于IL-17抑制剂 [ 242-243 ] 。
临床实践中,PsA患者在启动生物制剂治疗前应全面评估患者真菌感染风险;在治疗期间需密切监测,警惕真菌感染的发生 [ 244 ] 。一旦出现疑似真菌感染表现,应及时行真菌学检查(包括药敏试验)以明确诊断并指导治疗。
临床问题14.6:合并恶性肿瘤的PsA患者应如何选择治疗药物?
推荐意见14.6:对于恶性肿瘤[非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(non-melanoma skin cancer,NMSC)除外]缓解期达5年及以上的PsA患者,可考虑选用MTX,必要时可谨慎使用TNF-α抑制剂、IL-12/23抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂或IL-17抑制剂;若生物制剂不适用,可考虑PDE-4抑制剂,并谨慎选用JAK抑制剂与TYK2抑制剂。(GPS,共识度:100%)
推荐意见说明:合并恶性肿瘤的PsA患者治疗方案的制定应遵循多学科协作原则,由皮肤科、风湿免疫科及肿瘤科医师共同评估,制定个体化治疗方案 [ 245 ] 。目前尚无充分证据表明PsA系统治疗会增加恶性肿瘤风险,但仍建议对所有接受系统治疗的患者定期进行肿瘤监测 [ 246-247 ] 。若患者已完成肿瘤根治术或抗肿瘤治疗结束满5年且经确认无复发转移证据(NMSC除外),可考虑启用系统治疗 [ 182 , 248 ] 。对于恶性肿瘤尚未缓解的PsA患者,原则上应优先处理肿瘤,PsA的系统治疗需在肿瘤科主导下,多学科团队充分评估获益与风险后审慎决策。
现有证据未发现MTX会增加NMSC以外的恶性肿瘤风险 [ 249 ] 。多个国际指南和共识支持对有恶性肿瘤史的PsA患者可考虑使用MTX [ 6 , 250-251 ] 。环孢素可能增加淋巴增生性疾病及其他恶性肿瘤(尤其是皮肤恶性肿瘤)的风险,故不推荐用于此类人群 [ 252-254 ] 。多项系统评价和大型队列研究未发现TNF-α抑制剂增加实体瘤发生率,但可能升高皮肤恶性肿瘤(包括NMSC和黑色素瘤)及淋巴组织增生性疾病的风险(淋巴瘤的风险尚存争议) [ 255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262] 。对于实体瘤处于缓解期的患者,可考虑使用TNF-α抑制剂 [ 245 ] 。IL-12/23抑制剂、IL-23抑制剂、IL-17抑制剂在此类患者中的数据仍有限,有综述建议将IL-12/23抑制剂作为一线选择,IL-17与IL-23抑制剂作为二线选择 [ 263 ] 。JAK抑制剂与恶性肿瘤发生风险增加相关 [ 264 ] 。2021 GRAPPA指南与2024 EULAR指南均建议,JAK抑制剂应限于其他靶向药物不适用时谨慎使用 [ 6 , 245 ] 。目前关于TYK2抑制剂在合并恶性肿瘤患者中的安全性证据有限,现有长期研究尚未发现明确恶性肿瘤风险增加,可在肿瘤专科评估后慎重使用,并在治疗期间动态监测肿瘤复发相关情况 [ 265-266 ] 。目前未发现PDE-4抑制剂明确的致癌风险,有恶性肿瘤史的患者可考虑选用,但治疗中仍需严密监测 [ 182 ] 。
本指南系统梳理了PsA的诊断与治疗策略,明确了早期筛查及影像学评估的关键作用,规范了基于临床表现的分层治疗路径,并强调了共病管理与长期随访的重要性。其推广实施将有助于统一和规范我国PsA的诊疗流程,提升整体治疗水平,最终改善患者预后。本指南的局限性主要体现在以下方面:首先,当前循证医学证据尚无法完全覆盖PsA诊疗中所有复杂临床情境,尤其是多重共病共存时的治疗策略优化仍有待深入研究。其次,尽管参考了国际最新研究进展,但针对中国PsA人群的高质量RCT及真实世界研究仍相对有限,部分推荐意见的证据级别有待进一步提升。此外,随着新型靶向药物的持续涌现,在特殊人群中的疗效数据及其长期安全性仍需更多长期随访研究加以验证。期待未来更多立足中国人群的高质量临床研究能为本指南的更新迭代提供更坚实的循证依据。
本指南制订专家委员会成员名单
牵头专家:
史玉玲(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);戴生明(上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院风湿免疫科);张卓莉(北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科);顾军(南京医科大学附属苏州医院皮肤科)
首席方法学专家:
陈耀龙(兰州大学基础医学院循证医学中心 兰州大学GRADE中心中国医学科学院循证评价与指南研究创新单元)
专家组(按姓氏汉语拼音排序):
毕新岭(海军军医大学第一附属医院皮肤科);陈海冰(同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌科);陈崑(中国医学科学院皮肤病医院皮肤科);程流泉(解放军总医院第六医学中心放射诊断科);戴冽(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院风湿免疫科);戴生明(上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院风湿免疫科);丁杨峰(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);方勇飞(陆军军医大学西南医院风湿免疫科);冯学兵(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院风湿免疫科);高兴华(中国医科大学附属第一医院皮肤科);顾恒(中国医学科学院皮肤病医院皮肤科);顾军(南京医科大学附属苏州医院皮肤科);郭乐杭(同济大学附属第十人民医院超声医学科);何东仪(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);贺佳(海军军医大学卫生统计学教研室);纪超(福建医科大学第一附属医院皮肤科);晋红中(中国医学科学院北京协和医院皮肤科);匡叶红(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);冷晓梅(中国医学科学院北京协和医院风湿免疫科);李薇(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);李霞(上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院皮肤科);林进(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院风湿免疫科);刘升云(郑州大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);刘晓明(深圳大学附属南山医院皮肤科);吕成志(大连市皮肤病医院皮肤科);满孝勇(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院皮肤科);潘云峰(中山大学第三附属医院风湿免疫科);邱逦(四川大学华西医院超声科);石桂秀(厦门大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);宋宏萍(空军军医大学西京医院超声医学科);孙青(山东大学齐鲁医院皮肤科);沙巍(同济大学附属上海市肺科医院结核科);史玉玲(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);谈文峰(南京医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);王刚(空军军医大学西京医院皮肤科);王惠平(天津医科大学总医院皮肤科);王晓蕾(同济大学附属第十人民医院消化内科);温海(海军军医大学第二附属医院皮肤科);吴振彪(空军军医大学唐都医院风湿免疫科);武丽君(新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科);肖嵘(中南大学湘雅二医院皮肤科);徐健(昆明医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);徐胜前(安徽医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);薛静(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院风湿免疫科);杨娉婷(中国医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);叶霜(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院风湿免疫科);岳涛(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);张福仁(山东省皮肤病医院皮肤科);张建中(北京大学人民医院皮肤科);张毅(同济大学附属第十人民医院心血管内科);张正华(复旦大学附属华山医院皮肤科);张卓莉(北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科);赵彦萍(哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);郑敏(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院皮肤科);郑志忠(复旦大学附属华山医院皮肤科);朱冠男(南方医科大学皮肤病医院皮肤科);朱剑(解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科);朱可建(浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院皮肤科)
证据评价组(按姓氏汉语拼音排序):
陈茜宇(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);陈荣芬(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);陈玉沙(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);崔然(上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院风湿免疫科);高靖雅(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);郭兴华(中山大学附属第三医院风湿免疫科);胡宏香(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);胡琨(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);胡艺凡(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);黄大伟(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);蒋裕雄(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);李佶姝(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);李双双(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);李影(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);梁欣琳(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);刘岩(中山大学附属第三医院风湿免疫科);彭琛(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);彭茜雅(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);覃慧(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);时熔灿(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);孙晏舲(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);宋志博(北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科);谭敏佳(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);王怡怡(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);王子君(兰州大学基础医学院循证医学中心);王玲(中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院);王晔(兰州大学公共卫生学院);夏雯洁(上海市第六人民医院金山分院中西医结合肾内科);肖晶歌(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);肖月(四川大学华西医院皮肤科);张谧(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);张晓慧(北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科);钟小媛(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);周吕炯(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);邹敏(四川大学华西医院皮肤科)
秘书组:
于倩(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);陆家睛(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科);朱沛姚(同济大学附属皮肤病医院皮肤科)
外审专家:
陈翔(中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科);赵岩(北京协和医院风湿免疫科);杨斌(南方医科大学皮肤病医院皮肤科)
利益冲突 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突
参考文献(下滑查看):
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