Vadadustat

Strong initial quarter of Vafseo® (vadadustat) U.S. product launch, with Vafseo net product revenues of $12.0 million in Q1 2025 Total Q1 2025 net product revenues of $55.8 million Bolstered balance sheet and expanded institutional investor ownership through $50 million underwritten public offering of common stock; cash and cash equivalents of $113.4 million as of the end of the quarter Akebia to Host Conference Call at 8:00 a.m. ET on May 8, 2025 CAMBRIDGE, Mass., May 08, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Akebia Therapeutics®, Inc. (Nasdaq: AKBA), a biopharmaceutical company with the purpose to better the lives of people impacted by kidney disease, today reported financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2025 and recent business highlights. “We are tremendously encouraged by the early progress of the Vafseo® (vadadustat) launch, having generated $12.0 million in net product revenues in the first quarter. We believe the early success reflects the excitement among physicians of having an alternative treatment for anemia available for their dialysis patients,” said John P. Butler, Chief Executive Officer of Akebia. “We believe the introduction of Vafseo is one of the strongest drug launches into the dialysis market in many years, certainly since the adoption of transitional drug add-on payment adjustment (TDAPA) reimbursement, and we continue to believe that Vafseo could be a new standard of care for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial usage as expected is in the small and mid-sized dialysis providers and we look forward to continuing to drive adoption across all dialysis providers, large and small.” Vafseo U.S. Commercial Updates: Vafseo net product revenue in Q1 2025 totaled $12.0 million.Through the end of March, more than 640 prescribers wrote a prescription for Vafseo and each prescriber, on average, had written nearly 12 prescriptions. About 1/3 of all prescriptions written were refills and refill data demonstrate an increase in average dose per patient.Through the end of April, the top five dialysis organizations placed Vafseo orders, though most revenue continues to be driven by mid-sized dialysis organizations.Akebia estimates that it has at least 12 months of Vafseo inventory on hand in the U.S. free of potential incremental tariff payments based on its current operating plan. Additional Key Business Highlights: In March, completed an underwritten public offering of 25 million shares priced at $2.00 per share, raising gross proceeds of $50 million.U.S. Renal Care continues enrollment in VOICE, a collaborative clinical trial of Vafseo designed to assess mortality and hospitalization in patients treated with Vafseo compared to current standard of care. Enrollment is now at 75% of the planned trial enrollment of approximately 2,200 patients.Plan to initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial (VALOR) to study the use of vadadustat for treating anemia in late-stage CKD patients who are not on dialysis. Expect the VALOR clinical trial to begin in the second half of 2025.In January, Vafseo was recommended for symptomatic anemia in adults undergoing dialysis for CKD by the United Kingdom (U.K.) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), a distinction especially relevant for practitioners and commissioners making care choices for patients in the U.K. and of interest globally. Akebia’s partner Medice launched Vafseo in the U.K.Auryxia® (ferric citrate) net product revenue in Q1 2025 totaled $43.8 million. In January 2025, phosphate binders, including Auryxia, were added to the bundled payment for dialysis services and qualified for TDAPA, providing an additional payment for each service in which Auryxia is used. Loss of Auryxia market exclusivity occurred on March 20, 2025. To date, no Abbreviated New Drug Application has been approved for Auryxia, and there is only one authorized generic for Auryxia.In April, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion recommending the European Commission to approve XOANACYL® (Ferric Citrate as Coordination Complex) for the treatment of concomitant elevated serum phosphorous and iron deficiency in adult patients with CKD. Financial Results Revenues: Total revenues were $57.3 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $32.6 million in the first quarter of 2024, driven by initial sales of Vafseo in the U.S. and an increase in sales of Auryxia. Vafseo net product revenues were $12.0 million in the first quarter of 2025. Vafseo was launched into the U.S. market in the first quarter of 2025.Auryxia net product revenues were $43.8 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $31.0 million in the first quarter of 2024.License, collaboration and other revenues were $1.5 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $1.6 million in the first quarter of 2024. Cost of Goods Sold: Cost of goods sold was $7.6 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $11.6 million in the first quarter of 2024. A key driver of this decrease was the fact that Akebia carried a non-cash intangible amortization charge of $9.0 million per quarter through the fourth quarter of 2024. Of note, Vafseo-related cost of goods sold is derived from pre-launch inventory which does not include the full cost of manufacturing, as a portion of those inventory-related costs were recorded as R&D expenses in the period incurred prior to Vafseo's approval in the U.S. Also, during the first quarter of 2024, Akebia realized a $3.7 million benefit due to its ability to sell Auryxia inventory previously written down as excess inventory.Research & Development Expenses: Research and development expenses were $9.8 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $9.7 million in the first quarter of 2024.Selling, General & Administrative Expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses were $25.7 million in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to $25.4 million in the first quarter of 2024.Net Income (Loss): Net income was $6.1 million in the first quarter of 2025 compared to a net loss of $18.0 million in the first quarter of 2024. Net income in the first quarter of 2025 was driven by the increase in net product revenues, including the introduction of Vafseo sales in the U.S., which was partially offset by $5.4 million in interest expense related to the settlement royalty liability in connection with the July 2024 Vifor Termination and Settlement Agreement.Cash Position: Cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2025 were approximately $113.4 million compared to $51.9 million at December 31, 2024, which includes $46.5 million in net proceeds raised from an underwritten public offering of common stock completed in March. Akebia believes that it is financed to achieve profitability based on its current operating plan, which includes pursuing label expansion for Vafseo and advancing other existing programs. Conference Call Akebia will host a conference call on Thursday, May 8 at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time to discuss first quarter 2025 earnings. To access the call, please register by clicking on this Registration Link, and you will be provided with dial in details. To avoid delays and ensure timely connection, we encourage dialing into the conference call 15 minutes ahead of the scheduled start time. A live webcast of the conference call will be available via the “Investors” section of Akebia's website at: https://ir.akebia.com/. An online archive of the webcast can be accessed via the Investors section of Akebia's website at https://ir.akebia.com approximately two hours after the event. About Akebia Therapeutics Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. is a fully integrated biopharmaceutical company with the purpose to better the lives of people impacted by kidney disease. Akebia was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For more information, please visit our website at www.akebia.com, which does not form a part of this release. About Vafseo® (vadadustat) tablets Vafseo® (vadadustat) tablets is a once-daily oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that activates the physiologic response to hypoxia to stimulate endogenous production of erythropoietin, increasing hemoglobin and red blood cell production to manage anemia. Vafseo is approved for use in 37 countries. INDICATION VAFSEO is indicated for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults who have been receiving dialysis for at least three months. Limitations of Use VAFSEO has not been shown to improve quality of life, fatigue, or patient well-being.VAFSEO is not indicated for use: As a substitute for red blood cell transfusions in patients who require immediate correction of anemia.In patients with anemia due to CKD not on dialysis. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION about VAFSEO (vadadustat) tablets WARNING: INCREASED RISK OF DEATH, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM, and THROMBOSIS OF VASCULAR ACCESS. VAFSEO increases the risk of thrombotic vascular events, including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Targeting a hemoglobin level greater than 11 g/dL is expected to further increase the risk of death and arterial and venous thrombotic events, as occurs with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs), which also increase erythropoietin levels. No trial has identified a hemoglobin target level, dose of VAFSEO, or dosing strategy that does not increase these risks. Use the lowest dose of VAFSEO sufficient to reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions. CONTRAINDICATIONS Known hypersensitivity to VAFSEO or any of its componentsUncontrolled hypertension WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Increased Risk of Death, Myocardial Infarction (MI), Stroke, Venous Thromboembolism, and Thrombosis of Vascular AccessA rise in hemoglobin (Hb) levels greater than 1 g/dL over 2 weeks can increase these risks. Avoid in patients with a history of MI, cerebrovascular event, or acute coronary syndrome within the 3 months prior to starting VAFSEO. Targeting a Hb level of greater than 11 g/dL is expected to further increase the risk of death and arterial and venous thrombotic events. Use the lowest effective dose to reduce the need for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Adhere to dosing and Hb monitoring recommendations to avoid excessive erythropoiesis. HepatotoxicityHepatocellular injury attributed to VAFSEO was reported in less than 1% of patients, including one severe case with jaundice. Elevated serum ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels were observed in 1.8%, 1.8%, and 0.3% of CKD patients treated with VAFSEO, respectively. Measure ALT, AST, and bilirubin before treatment and monthly for the first 6 months, then as clinically indicated. Discontinue VAFSEO if ALT or AST is persistently elevated or accompanied by elevated bilirubin. Not recommended in patients with cirrhosis or active, acute liver disease. HypertensionWorsening of hypertension was reported in 14% of VAFSEO and 17% of darbepoetin alfa patients. Serious worsening of hypertension was reported in 2.7% of VAFSEO and 3% of darbepoetin alfa patients. Cases of hypertensive crisis, including hypertensive encephalopathy and seizures, have also been reported in patients receiving VAFSEO. Monitor blood pressure. Adjust anti-hypertensive therapy as needed. SeizuresSeizures occurred in 1.6% of VAFSEO and 1.6% of darbepoetin alfa patients. Monitor for new-onset seizures, premonitory symptoms, or change in seizure frequency. Gastrointestinal (GI) ErosionGastric or esophageal erosions occurred in 6.4% of VAFSEO and 5.3% of darbepoetin alfa patients. Serious GI erosions, including GI bleeding and the need for RBC transfusions, were reported in 3.4% of VAFSEO and 3.3% of darbepoetin alfa patients. Consider this risk in patients at increased risk of GI erosion. Advise patients about signs of erosions and GI bleeding and urge them to seek prompt medical care if present. Serious Adverse Reactions in Patients with Anemia Due to CKD and Not on Dialysis The safety of VAFSEO has not been established for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adults not on dialysis and its use is not recommended in this setting. In large clinical trials in adults with anemia of CKD who were not on dialysis, an increased risk of mortality, stroke, MI, serious acute kidney injury, serious hepatic injury, and serious GI erosions was observed in patients treated with VAFSEO compared to darbepoetin alfa. MalignancyVAFSEO has not been studied and is not recommended in patients with active malignancies. Malignancies were observed in 2.2% of VAFSEO and 3.0% of darbepoetin alfa patients. No evidence of increased carcinogenicity was observed in animal studies. ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common adverse reactions (occurring at ≥ 10%) were hypertension and diarrhea. DRUG INTERACTIONS Iron supplements and iron-containing phosphate binders: Administer VAFSEO at least 1 hour before products containing iron.Non-iron-containing phosphate binders: Administer VAFSEO at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after non-iron-containing phosphate binders.BCRP substrates: Monitor for signs of substrate adverse reactions and consider dose reduction.Statins: Monitor for statin-related adverse reactions. Limit the daily dose of simvastatin to 20 mg and rosuvastatin to 5 mg. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy: May cause fetal harm.Lactation: Breastfeeding not recommended until two days after the final dose.Hepatic Impairment: Not recommended in patients with cirrhosis or active, acute liver disease. Please note that this information is not comprehensive. Please click here for the Full Prescribing Information, including BOXED WARNING and Medication Guide. Forward-Looking Statements Statements in this press release regarding Akebia Therapeutics, Inc.'s ("Akebia's") strategy, plans, prospects, expectations, beliefs, intentions and goals are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: Akebia’s plans and expectations with respect to the commercial launch of Vafseo, including that its early success reflects excitement among physicians of having an alternative treatment for anemia available for dialysis patients; Akebia’s statements about the strength of the Vafseo launch; Akebia’s beliefs and plans to establish Vafseo as the new standard of care for the treatment of anemia due to CKD; Akebia’s expectations as to usage and its plans to drive adoption across all dialysis providers; Akebia’s estimates about the amount of Vafseo inventory on hand in the U.S. that is free of potential incremental tariff payments based on its current operating plan; Akebia's plans and expectations with respect to a Phase 3 clinical trial (VALOR) to study the use of vadadustat for treating anemia in late-stage CKD patients who are not on dialysis and the timing thereof; Akebia’s expectations regarding the VOICE trial; and Akebia’s expectations that it is financed to achieve profitability based on its current operating plan, which includes pursuing label expansion for Vafseo and advancing other existing programs and assumptions related thereto. The terms "intend," "believe," "plan," "goal," "potential," "anticipate, "estimate," "expect," "future," "will," "continue," derivatives of these words, and similar references are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Actual results, performance or experience may differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement as a result of various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, but not limited to, risks associated with: the commercial availability of Vafseo; the potential demand and market potential and acceptance of, as well as coverage and reimbursement related to, Auryxia® and Vafseo, including estimates regarding the potential market opportunity; the competitive landscape for Auryxia and Vafseo, including generic entrants and the timing thereof; the ability of Akebia to attract and retain qualified personnel; Akebia's ability to achieve and maintain profitability and to maintain operating expenses consistent with its operating plan; decisions made by health authorities, such as the FDA, with respect to regulatory filings and other interactions; the potential therapeutic benefits, safety profile, and effectiveness of Vafseo; the results of preclinical and clinical research; manufacturing, supply chain and quality matters and any recalls, write-downs, impairments or other related consequences or potential consequences; early termination of any of Akebia's collaborations; and changes in the geopolitical environment and uncertainty surrounding U.S. trade policy on tariffs. Other risks and uncertainties include those identified under the heading "Risk Factors" in Akebia's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and other filings that Akebia may make with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in the future. These forward-looking statements (except as otherwise noted) speak only as of the date of this press release, and, except as required by law, Akebia does not undertake, and specifically disclaims, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this press release. Akebia Therapeutics®, Auryxia® and Vafseo® are registered trademarks of Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. and its affiliates. Akebia Therapeutics Contact Mercedes Carrasco mcarrasco@akebia.com AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC.Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Three Months Ended March 31,(in thousands, except per share data) 2025 2024 Revenues Product revenue, net$55,791 $31,009 License, collaboration and other revenue 1,545 1,598 Total revenues 57,336 32,607 Cost of goods sold Cost of product and other revenue 7,625 2,594 Amortization of intangible asset — 9,011 Total cost of goods sold 7,625 11,605 Operating expenses Research and development 9,754 9,731 Selling, general and administrative 25,742 25,438 License 701 711 Restructuring — 58 Total operating expenses 36,197 35,938 Income (loss) from operations 13,514 (14,936)Other expense, net (7,557) (2,403)Change in fair value of warrant liability 155 (129)Loss on extinguishment of debt — (517)Net income (loss)$6,112 $(17,985) Net income (loss) per share - basic$0.03 $(0.09)Net income (loss) per share - diluted$0.03 $(0.09)Weighted-average number of common shares - basic 235,497,720 204,955,151 Weighted-average number of common shares - diluted 241,602,853 204,955,151 Unaudited Selected Balance Sheet Data (in thousands)March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024Cash and cash equivalents$113,374 $51,870 Working capital$112,555 $32,917 Total assets$310,185 $220,670 Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)$24,581 $(49,185)

-01-引言缺氧诱导因子（HIFs）是高度保守并受氧气丰度调节的转录因子，对各种生物适应有限的氧气供应至关重要。在缺氧发生时，HIFs可以直接促进靶基因的转录，例如红细胞生成素（EPO）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGFs）或对细胞外腺苷的产生和信号传导至关重要的基因产物。HIF激活的作用包括红细胞生成刺激、缺氧期间的细胞代谢优化以及缺血和炎症期间的适应性反应。相比之下，HIF抑制可以用于治疗各种癌症、视网膜新生血管和肺动脉高压。在过去的十年里，人们已经开发出多种有效调节HIFs功能的药物，并在临床试验中进行了测试。这些药物在治疗癌症、心脏的缺血再灌注损伤、急性肾损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、炎症性肠病、病原体感染、出血性休克和肾贫血等疾病方面展现出良好的应用前景。同时， HIF激活剂或抑制剂的广泛应用也面临着具体的挑战。-02-一、HIFs的分子结构和功能HIF途径的氧依赖性调节是细胞和系统适应低氧水平的核心。HIFs的紧密调节是由几种关键酶介导的，包括因子抑制HIF（FIH）、HIF PHDs和von Hippel–Lindau蛋白（pVHL）。HIFs的活性转录形式由一个α单元（HIFα）和一个β单元（HIF1β）组成。HIFα对调节HIFs的转录活性至关重要。目前，已鉴定出HIFα的三种亚型：HIF1α、HIF2α和HIF3α。所有三种异构体在N末端都含有一个碱性螺旋-环-螺旋和两个Per-Arnt-Sim结构域（bHLH-PAS），在C末端都含有氧依赖性降解结构域，而只有HIF1α和HIF2α含有反式激活结构域。在这三种异构体中，HIF1α被鉴定为与EPO启动子区结合的转录因子。HIF2α和HIF3α后来被发现是基于它们与HIF1α的序列同源性。人HIF1α和HIF2α的氨基酸同源性为53.4%，人HIF1α和HIF3α的氨基酸序列同源性为57.1%。有趣的是，三种HIFα亚型根据组织和细胞的特异性具有不同的功能作用。HIF1α在所有细胞类型中都表达，而HIF2α最初被认为仅在内皮细胞中表达，然而，最近的研究表明HIF2α具有在血管内皮细胞外的功能。HIF1α和HIF2α协同增强共享靶基因如EPO或VEGF的表达。然而，HIF1α和HIF2α可能具有相反的生物学功能。例如，HIF1α特异性调节诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）基因，而HIF2α控制精氨酸酶1的表达，从而对巨噬细胞极化或癌症转移的调节产生相反的作用。而HIF3α缺乏反式激活结构域，因此，它被认为是一种抑制元件。与HIF1α和HIF2α相比，HIF3α及其各种异构体和剪接变体的功能作用还有待进一步阐明。所有三个HIFα亚基都需要与其异二聚体伴侣HIF1β相互作用才能具有转录活性。HIF1β在N末端含有一个bHLH PAS结构域，用于DNA与HIFα的结合和二聚化。与对氧依赖性降解敏感的HIFα不同，HIF1β在所有哺乳动物细胞中结构性表达，与氧的可用性无关。-03- 二、HIFs的缺氧调节HIF1α或HIF2α的氧依赖性失活是一个由几个关键酶和分子通过羟基化和泛素化控制的多步骤过程。一旦HIFα与HIF1β二聚化，其随后转移到细胞核中以调节基因转录。HIFα和HIF1β上的bHLH PAS结构域对二聚化和DNA结合至关重要。同时，辅因子p300和CBP的募集对反式激活至关重要。进入细胞核后，HIFα–HIF1β–p300–CBP复合物与位于HIF靶基因启动子区的缺氧反应元件（HRE）结合，并激活转录。HIF的调节首先通过FIH——一种氧依赖性天冬酰胺羟化酶——通过在C-末端反式激活结构域（C-TAD）结构域内羟基化Asn803来抑制HIF系统，阻止共激活物、CBP和组蛋白乙酰转移酶p300的结合。HIF途径的中央调控与含有HIF脯氨酰羟化酶结构域的蛋白（HIF-PHDs）的酶活性有关。HIF-PHD有三种亚型：PHD1（也称为EGLN2）、PHD2（也称为EGLN1）和PHD3（也称为EGLN3）。PHD1和PHD2促进Pro402和Pro564在人HIF1α上的羟基化，而PHD3仅羟基化Pro564。羟基化过程高度依赖于氧和α-酮戊二酸作为底物和铁作为催化剂的可用性。羟基化后，HIFα与pVHL结合，并被延伸蛋白B、延伸蛋白C、cullin 2（CUL2）、环盒蛋白1（RBX1）和E3泛素连接酶形成的复合物泛素化，导致随后的蛋白酶体降解。-04-三、HIFs激动剂 目前，临床上开发的激动剂主要通过抑制HIF-PHDs来阻止脯氨酸羟基化和随后的蛋白酶体降解来激活HIF。有五种HIF PHD小分子抑制剂已进入III期临床，包括roxadustat（阿斯利康）、vadaustat（阿科比亚）、daprodustat（葛兰素史克）、molidustat（拜耳）和desidustat（Zydus）。自从发现靶向HIF PHDs的小分子HIF激活剂以来，临床焦点一直集中在肾性贫血上，这主要是由于HIF激动对EPO的大量调节。一些化合物显示出与红细胞生成刺激剂（ESA）相当的治疗效果。日本已经批准了五种HIF PHD抑制剂，此外，roxadustat还在其他国家或地区获得批准，包括欧盟、中国、韩国和智利。2023年2月2日，daprodustat在美国获得了FDA的批准，用于治疗接受透析的成年患者中与慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）相关的贫血。其他HIF PHD抑制剂，如vadadustat已在35个国家获得批准，包括日本、澳大利亚和许多欧洲国家。HIF PHD抑制剂的其他临床适应症，如ARDS，仍处于早期阶段。除了肾性贫血，ARDS是另一个临床适应症，正在进行使用HIF激活剂治疗的临床安全性和有效性试验。ARDS期间的HIF是一种内源性保护途径，可在药理学上进一步用于早期ARDS治疗或预防。在ARDS期间，HIF1α在肺泡上皮细胞中具有优化其碳水化合物代谢和细胞外腺苷信号的功能。HIF2α也有助于ARDS期间的肺部保护，例如，通过维持内皮细胞的屏障完整性。HIF-PHD抑制剂在大型III期临床试验中显示出良好的短期安全性记录，并且与严重的副作用无关。长期使用（3个月以上）HIF PHD抑制剂可能会产生不必要的副作用，包括慢性HIF激活引起的靶向效应和与HIF PHD抑制剂对单个羟化酶的特异性相关的脱靶效应。最重要的一点，由于HIF激活与癌症进展相关，尤其是肾透明细胞癌（ccRCC），长期HIF激活可能导致癌症的发展或进展。HIF PHD抑制剂的另一个潜在靶向副作用涉及过度的红细胞生成和血栓栓塞并发症，重大心血管不良事件（MACE）风险的增加也是与长期使用HIF-PHD抑制剂相关的一个潜在问题。-05-四、HIF抑制剂HIF在许多疾病中可能是有害的，例如某些癌症和肺动脉高压。因此，已经开发出抑制HIFs的药物，正在进行临床测试。早期的药物干预侧重于抑制HIF表达或促进HIF降解。最近的小分子抑制剂，如PT2977，抑制HIF2α和HIF1β转录活性异二聚体的形成。癌症HIFs通常在大多数人类癌症中观察到，特别是在实体瘤中。肿瘤内缺氧和炎症是HIF的主要机制，以及常见于VHL疾病相关癌症（如ccRCC）的基因突变。许多癌症激活途径可以导致HIF激活，包括TP53、PTEN、EGFR和HER2的体细胞突变或表观遗传学改变。癌细胞利用HIF途径通过各种机制驱动癌症进展，如促进血管形成、代谢重编程、免疫逃避、细胞存活以及治疗耐药性。HIF1α在实体瘤中高水平表达，且与预后不良有关。在癌症中HIF1α的治疗靶向已经取得了相当大的努力和进展。例如，PX-478已在癌症患者的I期剂量递增研究中进行了测试（NCT00522652），并显示出有效的HIF1α抑制和合理的安全性。ASO EZN-2968在难治性实体瘤患者中研究HIF1A RNAi的早期努力由于赞助者的兴趣丧失而提前终止。然而，EZN-2968/RO7070179最近在晚期HCC患者中进行了研究；总体而言，EZN-2968/RO7070179在癌症患者中具有良好的耐受性。肺动脉高压肺动脉高压是指平均肺动脉压高于20 mmHg，其特征是由内皮细胞和肺动脉平滑肌细胞的异常增殖、细胞外基质沉积和炎症细胞的募集引起的肺血管阻力增加。在肺动脉高压期间，HIF1α通过诱导细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1B减少内皮集落形成细胞的增殖，并通过驱动miR-9-1、miR-9-3和miR-322的表达促进肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖。HIF1α还诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞中CD146的表达，从而导致血管重塑。小分子HIF2α抑制剂，如belzutifan，可减轻VhlR200W小鼠的肺动脉高压，这些小鼠在Vhl中具有功能缺失突变。然而，HIF抑制剂尚未进入临床试验，以评估其治疗人类肺动脉高压的疗效。视网膜新生血管视网膜新生血管是许多视网膜疾病的发病机制，包括糖尿病视网膜病变和视网膜静脉阻塞。在眼部新生血管形成过程中，新生成的血管缺乏紧密连接，导致血浆渗漏、玻璃体出血和牵引性视网膜脱离，导致严重的视网膜功能障碍和视力丧失。临床前研究以及对缺血性视网膜疾病患者的研究表明，HIF1α和HIF2α在视网膜新生血管形成过程中发挥重要作用。HIF抑制剂地高辛抑制视网膜中的HIF1α和HIF2α，并且在视网膜病小鼠模型中使用减少了视网膜新生血管。此外，在氧诱导的缺血性视网膜病变中，HIF抑制剂阿哌拉韦的治疗减少了小鼠的视网膜新生血管并改善了视力。此外，眼内注射HIF抑制剂32-134D改善了糖尿病眼病小鼠模型中的视网膜新生血管形成。总之，这些研究证明了HIF1α和HIF2α的药理学抑制在各种类型视网膜病变的视网膜新生血管形成中的潜在有益作用，未来有必要进行这方面的临床研究。-06-结语从20世纪90年代初首次发现HIF到最近FDA批准HIF激活剂和HIF抑制剂用于治疗人类疾病，这是一段非凡的旅程。这一成功源于对HIF调节途径的广泛研究，对HIF和PHD功能作用机制的深入理解。未来还需要很多努力来确定如何将这些药物最佳地用于其他疾病条件或其他潜在的药理学策略，以实现更特异的靶向。参考资料：1.Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov.2023 Dec 20.公众号内回复“ADC”或扫描下方图片中的二维码免费下载《抗体偶联药物：从基础到临床》的PDF格式电子书！公众号已建立“小药说药专业交流群”微信行业交流群以及读者交流群，扫描下方小编二维码加入，入行业群请主动告知姓名、工作单位和职务。