预约演示

更新于：2025-09-06

Escitalopram

依地普仑

更新于：2025-09-06

概要

基本信息

简介艾司西酞普兰是一种选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂（SSRI），用作抗抑郁和抗焦虑药物。它是Lundbeck和Forest Laboratories合作开发的。最早于2002年8月获得美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准，由Forest Laboratories获得批准，后来该公司被Allergan收购，现已成为AbbVie的一部分。现在，艾司西酞普兰以多个品牌名称上市，包括Lexapro，Cipralex和Seroplex，以片剂和口服溶液形式供应。其作用机制涉及抑制大脑内神经递质血清素的再摄取，导致突触裂隙中血清素水平升高和血清素能神经递质传递的增强。这最终导致情绪改善和焦虑症状减轻。艾司西酞普兰最初被开发和批准用于治疗重度抑郁症（MDD）。此后，它也获得了治疗广泛性焦虑症（GAD）的批准。

药物类型

小分子化药

别名

Escitalopram (INN)、艾斯西酞普兰、ESCITALOPRAM

+ [1]

靶点

SERT

作用方式-

作用机制

5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂

治疗领域

神经系统疾病其他疾病

在研适应症

重度抑郁症广泛性焦虑障碍

非在研适应症-

原研机构

Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc.

在研机构

Almatica Pharma LLC

University of Oxford

非在研机构

Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc.

权益机构-

最高研发阶段批准上市

首次获批日期

美国 (2025-08-29),

重度抑郁症广泛性焦虑障碍

最高研发阶段(中国)-

特殊审评-

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结构/序列

分子式C20H21FN2O

InChIKeyWSEQXVZVJXJVFP-FQEVSTJZSA-N

CAS号128196-01-0

关联

118

项与依地普仑相关的临床试验

ChiCTR2500107068

N/AIIT

Efficacy and mechanism of duloxetine and escitalopram in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a multi-center randomized double-blind double-simulated controlled trial in China

开始日期2025-08-12

申办/合作机构-

ChiCTR2500099466

临床4期IIT

A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled study of the efficacy and safety of zaleplon in combination with escitalopram in the treatment of mild to moderate depression with insomnia

开始日期2025-04-01

申办/合作机构

江苏恩华药业股份有限公司

ChiCTR2500098072

早期临床1期IIT

Local application of esketamine in the treatment of catheter-related bladder irritation

开始日期2025-03-01

申办/合作机构-

100 项与依地普仑相关的临床结果

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100 项与依地普仑相关的转化医学

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100 项与依地普仑相关的专利（医药）

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4,969

项与依地普仑相关的文献（医药）

2025-12-01·MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS

Antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Aloysia citriodora in animals subjected to childhood stress

Article

作者: Nicolleti, Ana Olivia Albino ; da Silva, Gilnei Bruno ; Amaral, Severina Silva ; Manica, Daiane ; Soares, Silvio José Batista ; da Silva, Brunna Varela ; Ibrahim, Hélio Jungkenn ; Roman Junior, Walter Antônio ; Ignácio, Zuleide Maria ; Bertollo, Amanda Gollo ; Schuh, Laysa Anacleto ; Mingoti, Maiqueli Eduarda Dama ; Kreuz, Kelli Maria ; Bagatini, Margarete Dulce ; Bohnen, Lilian Caroline ; de Medeiros, Jesiel

BACKGROUND:

Stress in childhood can harm brain development, leading to biological and systemic dysfunctions that, along with genetic factors, may contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD) in adulthood. MDD treatment is complex, with current drugs taking time to show effects and not working for many patients. As a result, medicinal plants, like Aloysia citriodora (A. citriodora), are being studied as treatments for resistant depression. The main objective of this proposal was to evaluate the treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of the medicinal species A. citriodora Palau on depressive-like behaviors in rats subjected to chronic stress in childhood and on mechanisms involved in neuroprotection through the evaluation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

METHODS:

The maternal deprivation (MD) protocol was used during the first ten days of life. At the beginning of adulthood, the animals were treated for fourteen days. At the end of the treatments, the animals underwent the forced swimming behavioral test and were then euthanized for analysis of oxidative stress and inflammation markers.

RESULTS:

The stress caused by the MD protocol in rats culminated in a significant increase in depressive-like behaviors in adulthood, an increase in the expression of inflammatory substances IL-1 β and IL-6 in the animals' hippocampus, and an increase in the activity of oxidative stress parameters, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), in serum and hippocampus. The treatment with A. citriodora reduced depressive-like behaviors similar to the group treated with escitalopram. Regarding markers of inflammation in nervous tissue, it was observed that animals treated with A. citriodora had lower levels than those treated with escitalopram and the control group, and even more significantly when compared to the MD group treated with saline. The treatments reduced MPO activity in the serum of animals that underwent the MD protocol. TBARS was decreased in the serum and ultimately reversed in the hippocampus. Moreover, molecular docking studies have demonstrated that baicalein and quercetin-7-O-glucoside interact efficiently with IL-1β and IL-6.

CONCLUSION:

PM stress increased depressive-like behavior and increased markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with the Aloysia citriodora extracts significantly reduced depressive-like behavior and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting an antidepressant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect.

2025-12-01·JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Network pharmacology and molecular docking-based strategy to determine the potential mechanism for escitalopram-mediated long QT syndrome

Article

作者: Zhang, Qiuyu ; Li, Chao ; Mao, Fuqiang ; Li, Ranli ; Tian, Hongjun ; Zhuo, Chuanjun ; Yang, Lei ; Zhang, Ying

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to identify the potential molecular mechanisms for escitalopram-mediated development of long QT syndrome (LQTS) using network pharmacology and molecular docking.

METHOD:

Targets related to LQTS were obtained from the GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM databases, while targets related to escitalopram were retrieved from the PharmMapper, SwissTargetPrediction, SuperPred, GeneCards, DrugBank, and SEA databases. A Venn diagram containing drug-disease intersection targets was generated using the Bioinformatics online tool. A protein-protein interaction network was developed using the STRING database. Core targets were screened using Cytoscape, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of escitalopram-LQTS intersection targets were performed using DAVID. A drug-disease-target pathway network was developed with Cytoscape. AutoDock Vina and PyMOL software were used for molecular docking analyses.

RESULTS:

Six potential targets of escitalopram-mediated LQTS, including TNF, IL-1β, INS, SRC, STAT3, and GSK-3β, were shown to bind well to escitalopram in molecular docking analyses. The KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that escitalopram caused adverse LQTS reactions by modulating prolactin and lipid levels, atherosclerosis, and the calcium signaling pathway.

LIMITATIONS:

Further in vitro or molecular biology experiments are needed to validate the mechanism identified in this study by which escitalopram induced LQTS.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on bioinformatic analysis, escitalopram may affect the electrolyte balance, atherosclerosis, and ion channels implicated in LQTS, providing theoretical clues for follow-up studies.

2025-12-01·JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Factors associated with initial medication adherence with first-line therapy for depression

Article

作者: Li, Jieni ; Aparasu, Rajender R ; Ganna, Sourab

BACKGROUND:

Despite the well-documented efficacy and long-term adherence, little is known about the initial medication adherence (IMA) to antidepressant medications in the acute phase of therapy in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This study investigated the factors associated with optimal IMA among patients with MDD.

METHODS:

This retrospective cohort study used 2017-2019 Merative MarketScan Data, focusing on adults (≥18 years) with MDD initiating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Optimal IMA was defined as the proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥80 % within the first three months after initiation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with optimal IMA.

RESULTS:

The study cohort consisted of 397,976 MDD patients initiating antidepressant therapy, and 60.71 % of them achieved optimal IMA. Logistic regression found that medications such as patients using escitalopram (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.04), fluoxetine (aOR: 1.11), venlafaxine (aOR: 1.05), and levomilnacipran (aOR: 1.58) had higher odds of optimal IMA, while those on paroxetine (aOR: 0.88) and desvenlafaxine (aOR: 0.96) had lower odds. The other significant patient characteristics were age, sex, region, year, employment status, year, and number of medications. The comorbidities that influenced optimal IMA were hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, arthritis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, backache, and substance use disorder.

CONCLUSIONS:

About 61 % of the MDD patients had optimal IMA with significant variation in IMA across antidepressant agents, in addition to other patients' characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of IMA and the need for targeted interventions to achieve optimal IMA.

项与依地普仑相关的新闻（医药）

2025-08-19

·ETPharma

Study finds people in poorer nations might be paying more for same essential drugs, compared to rich countries

New Delhi: An analysis of prices of about 550 medicines across 72 countries in 2022 has found that people in low- and middle-income nations could be paying more compared to wealthier ones for the same essential drugs, thereby placing a disproportionate cost burden on patients in poorer nations. Researchers from the US' Brown University and London School of Economics and Political Science (UK) said that 'nominal price' or the price stated on a medicine was higher in richer countries. However, upon accounting for purchasing power in the local currency, actual prices were found to be higher in poorer countries. They estimated that the typical number of doses of essential medicines consumed per person in 2022 was highest in Europe (634) and lowest in Southeast Asia (143). The results, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Health Forum, indicate that poorer countries face a higher burden of medicine costs, the authors said. For example, they added, while prices in India were low in nominal terms (fourth lowest of the 72 markets analysed), the prices were toward the middle of the range after purchasing power was taken into account (29th of 72 markets). They also noted that while nominal prices were the lowest in Pakistan, actual prices were closer to those in Germany upon accounting for purchasing power. Drug prices were also found to vary between countries by disease that the drug is used for treating. For most countries, the highest-priced drugs tended to be those used for treating mental and behavioural disorders and cardiovascular conditions, while the lowest-priced products were those to treat hepatitis B and C, the authors said. The team further looked at eight essential medicines, used for treating major causes of death and disability the world over, including the antibiotic 'amoxicillin' (used to treat community-acquired pneumonia), escitalopram (depression) and ibuprofen (pain). Affordability for the drugs was assessed based on number of days' minimum wages required for purchasing the drugs. People in India would need to work the most number of days at minimum wage -- about 10 days -- to pay for a monthly regimen of tenofovir disoproxil (used for treating Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS) out of pocket, the team said. Affordability was found to be typically highest in Europe and the Western Pacific, and lowest in Africa and southeast Asia. "Our results show that while drugs may have a lower nominal price in low- and middle-income countries, they may still be less affordable when considering the relative purchasing power of local currencies," the authors wrote. "This indicates that some poorer countries face a higher burden of medication costs," they added. PTI

2025-07-24

·奇点网

《柳叶刀》子刊：复发风险减半！研究表明，抗抑郁药和氯氮平联用与难治性精神分裂症的复发风险降低51%有关

*仅供医学专业人士阅读参考在精神分裂症患者中，治疗抵抗通常指对两种一线抗精神病药物在足量足疗程使用后仍无显著疗效。约25%的初发精神分裂症患者会发展为治疗抵抗精神分裂症（又称为难治性精神分裂症，TRS），而在多次复发的患者中，这一比例可能高达40%。氯氮平是当前治疗TRS最有效的药物，但是也只有40%-50%的TRS患者对氯氮平治疗产生充分反应。一些随机对照试验表明，在氯氮平基础上联合抗抑郁药可能有助于TRS患者症状改善，但是整体证据质量有限，且缺乏长期随访数据。来自东芬兰大学的研究人员基于芬兰和瑞典的全国性队列研究，讨论了联合抗抑郁药物对氯氮平治疗TRS的有效性和安全性。研究结果发表在《柳叶刀·精神病学》杂志上。研究共纳入了23206名氯氮平使用者，结果显示，氯氮平联合标准剂量的舍曲林（30-45mg/天），与TRS复发风险降低51%有关，艾司西酞普兰、度洛西汀等联合使用也与TRS复发风险显著降低有关，且在低剂量或标准剂量使用时未观察到躯体原因住院风险增加。研究数据来自芬兰和瑞典的全国性患者登记系统或住院出院登记系统，随访起始时间为精神分裂症确诊日期或首次使用氯氮平日期（取较晚值），随访结束时间为死亡、移民或数据截止时间。采用个体内分析，每位受试者为自身对照，最大程度减少偏倚，主要暴露因素为特定抗抑郁药物联合氯氮平的使用情况。药物使用数据来自处方药登记系统，抗抑郁药物联合治疗期间，患者同时使用氯氮平和一种抗抑郁药（本研究覆盖的抗抑郁药包括西酞普兰、艾司西酞普兰、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林、度洛西汀等）。研究主要结局为精神分裂症复发（指因精神病性症状住院），次要结局为躯体原因住院（非精神障碍相关的躯体原因住院）。研究队列共包括23206名受试者，41%为女性，平均年龄为41.3岁，芬兰组和瑞典组中分别有约50%的受试者使用了抗抑郁药。最常用的抗抑郁药为西酞普兰、舍曲林和艾司西酞普兰。芬兰组和瑞典组的中位随访时间分别为12.1年和11.4年，分别有9243名（65.8%）和4671名（51.0%）受试者发生复发，两种主要抗抑郁药物类型，选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂（SSRI）和去甲肾上腺素-血清素再摄取抑制剂（SNRI）均与精神分裂症复发风险下降有关，其中，舍曲林和度洛西汀与氯氮平联用，复发风险下降最显著。调整混杂因素后，舍曲林、度洛西汀和艾司西酞普兰仍然与精神分裂症复发风险下降显著相关。按照剂量对抗抑郁药物进行分析，30-54mg/天的舍曲林、6-10mg/天的艾司西酞普兰和18-32mg/天的度洛西汀的复发风险最低，这些药物低剂量使用时（<0.6 DDDs/天），也可以观察到与复发风险下降有关。安全性方面，氯氮平与安非他酮联用与较低的躯体原因住院风险有关，但是与艾司西酞普兰联用与住院风险较高有关。将抗抑郁药物按照剂量等级分类时，所有药物在低剂量或标准剂量下，均与躯体原因住院风险无关；但是中高剂量（1.1-2.1 DDDs/天）或高剂量（≥2.1 DDDs/天）与躯体原因住院风险增加有关。总的来说，研究表明，氯氮平与标准剂量的SSRI或SNRI联合使用，与精神分裂症复发风险降低有关，并且未发现严重躯体不良反应风险增加。但是，联合使用过程中，尚不清楚SSRI和SNRI会增加哪些具体的不良反应。高剂量抗抑郁药的使用可能本身代表抑郁症状加重或躯体状况恶化，因此也可能部分解释住院风险增加的结果。从安全性和疗效角度来看，应当谨慎使用高剂量抗抑郁药物。参考文献：Taipale H, Siskind D, Tanskanen A, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Correll CU, Tiihonen J. Real-world effectiveness of clozapine augmentation with antidepressants: within-subject data evidence from two European nationwide cohorts. Lancet Psychiatry. 2025;12(8):568-578. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00163-4本文作者丨王雪宁

临床研究临床结果

2025-07-21

·药学进展

独家原创|赵雪主治医师：抗精神病药、抗抑郁药与不宁腿综合征

“点击蓝字关注我们赵雪毕业于上海交通大学医学院。上海市精神卫生中心主治医师、上海市精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心秘书。主要研究方向为精神药物遗传药理学。主持上海市精神卫生中心院级课题、上海交通大学“医工交叉”等科研项目多项。作为主要研究人员参与国家自然科学基金、上海市申康医院发展中心“促进市级医院临床技能与临床创新三年行动计划”等多项纵向科研课题。作为研究骨干参与多项国际多中心和国内多中心（牵头）临床试验。以第一（含共一）作者发表多篇中英文学术论文。抗精神病药、抗抑郁药与不宁腿综合征 PPS 郭瑛睿1，钱瑞仪1，禹顺英2，沈一峰3，赵雪3*（1.上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心精神科，上海 200030；2.上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心遗传室，上海 200030；3.上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心临床研究中心，上海 200030）[摘要] 不宁腿综合征（restless legs syndrome,RLS）是抗精神病药和抗抑郁药的常见不良反应之一，影响患者夜间睡眠、加重精神症状、降低患者生活质量，但其在临床实践尚未受到广泛重视。针对抗精神病药和抗抑郁药的 RLS 发生风险，这两类药物导致 RLS 的可能机制及相关治疗手段进行综述，以期为 RLS 的临床治疗提供参考。不宁腿综合征（restless legs syndrome，RLS）又称不安腿综合征，是临床常见的运动感觉性神经系统疾病，主要表现为强烈、迫切想要移动肢体的冲动或欲望，常常伴随着肢体深处不舒服或难以描述的感觉，夜间睡眠或安静时出现或加重，具有昼夜节律性，按摩或活动后缓解，可导致严重睡眠障碍。在《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第 5 版）》（the fifith edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders，DSM-5）中， RLS属于睡眠-觉醒障碍中异常睡眠的一类疾病。一般人群中RLS的发病率为 3%~19%，女性发病率更高[1]，其中约有2.5%的患者症状严重到需要接受医疗干预[2]。根据病因不同，RLS可分为原发性和继发性2种类型。原发性RLS通常在40岁之前发病，主要与遗传因素有关。继发性RLS伴发于各类躯体疾病，如神经系统疾病、铁缺乏症、慢性肾功能衰竭、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病、甲状腺疾病、血管疾病、精神疾病等[1, 3-4]。RLS也是精神类药物的不良反应之一。据报道，抗精神病药、抗抑郁药和抗癫痫药是引起RLS最常见的3类药物[1]。早在1999年，1例病案报告指出奥氮平可能导致RLS[5]，此后越来越多的精神类药物被报道能够诱发RLS这一不良反应，不同药物发生RLS的风险有所不同。如上所述，引起RLS的精神类药物主要为抗精神病药及抗抑郁药，故本文主要针对抗精神病药和抗抑郁药引起RLS的发生风险，这两类药物导致RLS的可能机制及相关治疗手段进行综述。1抗精神病药、抗抑郁药与不宁腿综合征 Elrassas等[6]开展的横断面研究结果显示，200名接受抗抑郁药和抗精神病药治疗的患者中，服用第1代抗精神病药（除氟哌啶醇外）的患者发生RLS比例最高（58.7%），其次是选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors，SSRIs）类药物（52.6%）和阿立哌唑（46.4%），接受曲唑酮（24.2%）和氟哌啶醇（31%）治疗的患者发生RLS可能性最小。 1.1 抗精神病药与不宁腿综合征有研究结果显示，与对照组（9.3%）相比，接受抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂症患者发生RLS的概率（21.4%）明显更高[7]。在各类抗精神病药中，奥氮平、喹硫平和氯氮平引起RLS的报道最多[1]，利培酮、鲁拉西酮等药物引起RLS的报道相对较少（见表1[5,8-29]）。也有部分研究结果显示，喹硫平和阿立哌唑能够改善其他抗精神病药引起的RLS症状[11,30]，可能是因为相对于多巴胺D2受体，这2种药物对5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT）受体具有更高亲和力。另有研究报道，抗精神病药与抗抑郁药联用，如喹硫平与文拉法辛[31] 或帕罗西汀[18] 联用会导致RLS，停用2种药物中的一种会改善RLS症状。1.2 抗抑郁药与不宁腿综合征在多种抗抑郁药中，SSRIs、5-HT和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂（ serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors，SNRIs）、四环类非典型抗抑郁药米氮平导致RLS的报道较多（见表2[32-46]）。Cetin Erdem 等[47]报道，在198名接受4~8周SSRIs/SNRIs药物治疗的门诊患者中，RLS的发生率为25%。与女性相比，男性使用抗抑郁药后发生RLS的风险增加[48]。Kolla等[49]报道，在各种抗抑郁药中，米氮平可能与较高的RLS发生率有关，也会恶化患者原有的RLS症状[50]，其次是文拉法辛，而安非他酮可能会减轻RLS症状。当联合使用2种或2种以上药物时，如氟西汀与米氮平联用[51]、帕罗西汀与度洛西汀联用[52]、艾司西酞普兰与锂盐或喹硫平联用[53]，患者发生RLS的风险也会相应增加。关于新型抗抑郁药伏硫西汀是否增加RLS风险的研究结果并不一致，有研究发现其可减轻RLS症状[54-55]，但也有研究报道伏硫西汀可诱发RLS[45]。2抗精神病药、抗抑郁药引起不宁腿综合征的可能机制2.1 多巴胺功能紊乱既往神经影像学研究表明，RLS患者脑内存在多巴胺能活性低下表现[56]。RLS包括运动和感觉异常两个维度的症状表现，感觉和运动回路受脊髓投射至大脑的相关区域控制，这些区域与不同神经递质有关，包括背区（5-HT）、丘脑区（去甲肾上腺素）和下丘脑后方的A11区（多巴胺）[57]。多巴胺受体激动剂是治疗RLS的一线药物，多巴胺拮抗剂（如抗精神病药）则会诱发RLS，提示多巴胺活性在RLS中的重要作用。抗精神病药与抗抑郁药增加RLS风险的具体机制目前尚不明确，多巴胺能活性降低被认为可能是抗精神病药诱发RLS的主要原因。阿立哌唑为多巴胺（D2、D3、D4）受体部分激动剂，正电子发射断层显像（positron emission tomography，PET）研究表明在治疗剂量下阿立哌唑受体占有率为95%[58]，阿立哌唑通过激动多巴胺受体改善RLS症状，该效果与罗匹尼罗和普拉克索等多巴胺受体激动剂相似。然而，与其他非典型抗精神病药物（如利培酮）相比，氯氮平和喹硫平的D2受体占有率较低，如果多巴胺功能降低能够诱发RLS，这些药物诱发RLS的可能性应该较小，这与多数研究报道不符。另有研究者认为，喹硫平因其镇静催眠作用，常在夜间使用可改善患者睡眠，而夜间多巴胺受体敏感性较白天增加[59]；另外，喹硫平常被用来与抗抑郁药（如SSRIs、米氮平等）合用改善情感症状，而抗抑郁药能够通过增加5-HT功能减少多巴胺释放 [60]，增加RLS发生风险。此外，有研究表明泌乳素（prolactin，PRL）水平可能在抗精神病药所致 RLS中起重要作用。多巴胺受体激动剂如左旋多巴和卡麦角林能够降低泌乳素水平，这2种药物均可以治疗RLS[61]。抗精神病药（如利培酮、奥氮平）能够增加PRL水平[62]，可能是引起RLS症状的间接原因。阿立哌唑可以降低抗精神病药引起的高泌乳素血症[63]，可能是阿立哌唑能够缓解RLS症状的另一原因 [23]。2.2 铁缺乏有研究发现，RLS患者脑脊液中铁蛋白含量减少[64] 及转铁蛋白含量升高；脑影像学研究也发现，RLS患者大脑中铁含量减少[65]；RLS患者尸检脑神经胶质细胞中铁含量较低[66]。外周铁水平正常的RLS患者补充铁剂也能改善RLS症状，可能是因为血脑屏障使大脑中铁水平独立于外周铁水平[67]。此外，脑内铁水平降低也会导致多巴胺代谢和D2受体状态改变，尤其是在黑质和壳核区域[9]。目前有研究发现，抗精神病药能够影响体内铁稳态[68]和肝脏铁代谢[69]，引起低铁血症。目前仍缺乏直接证据表明使用抗精神病或抗抑郁药出现RLS的患者是否存在外周或中枢铁代谢异常，仍需更多研究证据来明确这一可能机制。 2.3 遗传因素遗传因素是RLS的重要致病因素，大部分家族性RLS呈常染色体显性遗传，少数家族则呈常染色体隐性遗传或非孟德尔遗传模式[70]。既往遗传学研究多集中于原发性 RLS，全基因组关联研究发现位于不同染色体的 RLS 风险基因，包括BTBD9基因（位于染色体6p21）、MEIS1基因（位于染色体2p14）、PTPRD 基因（位于染色体9p24.1-p23）、MAP2K5/SKOR1 基因（位于染色体15q23）和TOX3/BC034767 基因（位于染色体 16q12.1）[71]。近期有研究发现7个全新的RLS易感基因位点：RLS1（位于染色体12q12-q21）、RLS2（位于染色体 14q13-q21）、RLS3（位于染色体 9p24-p22）、RLS4（位于染色体 2q33）、RLS5（位于染色体20p13）、RLS6（位于染色体 19p13）及RLS7（位于染色体16p12.1）[72-73]。截至目前，抗精神病药或抗抑郁药所致RLS的遗传学研究仍较少。有研究发现，MAOA基因VNTR与MAOB基因A644g多态的单倍型频率与抗精神病药引起RLS严重程度有关[74]。另一项研究显示，MAP2K5基因多态性增加了抗精神病药物诱发RLS的风险[75]。3抗精神病药、抗抑郁药引起不宁腿综合征的治疗RLS的治疗分为非药物治疗和药物治疗。非药物治疗包括：消除或减少继发性因素的影响，如尽量避免使用能够诱发或加重RLS的药物（如多巴胺受体拮抗剂、抗抑郁药、抗组胺药等）；保持良好的睡眠卫生习惯；加强体育锻炼；结合物理治疗（如重复经颅磁刺激、重复经颅电刺激）等。药物治疗包括：多巴胺激动剂（如罗匹尼罗、罗替戈汀、普拉克索），α2δ钙通道配体类药物（如普瑞巴林、加巴喷汀-恩那卡比、加巴喷汀），这些药物均为治疗RLS的一线用药 [76]，也可使用苯二氮䓬类镇静药[77] 和抗癫痫药[78] 等。治疗抗精神病药或抗抑郁药引起的RLS具有一定挑战性，目前仍缺乏高水平临床研究或相关指南指导医生用药。在既往相关病例报道中，临床医生一般采取减量或停用现用药物，加用多巴胺受体激动剂或α2δ钙通道配体类药物（具体病例处理方式可参考表1和表2），上述策略均能够有效改善患者RLS症状。值得注意的是，多巴胺受体激动剂和α2δ钙通道配体类药物可能会导致患者精神症状波动或病情复发。在既往病案报道中，加用小剂量阿立哌唑也是改善 RLS症状的常用手段，阿立哌唑剂量为1~10 mg·d-1[23,30]，在临床实践中医生可根据患者具体情况探索使用阿立哌唑的剂量。铁缺乏是RLS病理生理学中重要假说之一。在患者出现RLS症状后，医生可以通过相关检测指标（包括铁蛋白、转铁蛋白、血清铁、总铁结合力、转铁蛋白饱和度等）评估患者外周铁储存情况。如果患者确实存在缺铁表现，可采用铁替代疗法，如口服硫酸亚铁，若患者不能耐受或有效吸收口服铁剂，也可考虑静脉补铁，同时补充维生素C有助于促进消化道对铁的吸收[76]。在补充铁剂后，需动态观察患者RLS症状改善和评估外周铁相关指标变化。4结语精神障碍患者常合并睡眠障碍，而RLS会进一步加重患者睡眠问题，同时伴有强烈心理不适感。此外，RLS能够增加肥胖、抑郁症、焦虑症、高血压及其他心血管疾病的发生风险，显著降低患者生活质量、延缓患者康复[79]。Cetin Erdem等[47]的研究显示，服用抗抑郁药发生RLS的患者生活质量显著下降。一项回顾性队列研究发现，自杀和自残风险与RLS呈正相关[80]。尽管在临床实践中，使用抗精神病药或抗抑郁药后出现RLS的病例并不少见，但与其他药物不良反应（如心血管不良反应、代谢综合征等）相比，RLS仍未得到有效识别和广泛重视。尤其在患者用药后出现新发睡眠问题时，不能简单地归结为疾病症状的一部分，应仔细识别是否存在RLS的可能性。目前关于精神类药物引起RLS的各方面研究仍较少，后续需要更多关注和探索，从而更好地为患者及临床服务。参考文献：[1]Patatanian E, Claborn M K. 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JAMA Netw Open, 2019, 2(8): e199966.美编排版：覃冰冰感谢您阅读《药学进展》微信平台原创好文，也欢迎各位读者转载、引用。本文选自《药学进展》2025年第 6 期。《药学进展》杂志由教育部主管、中国药科大学主办，中国科技核心期刊（中国科技论文统计源期刊）。刊物以反映药学科研领域的新方法、新成果、新进展、新趋势为宗旨，以综述、评述、行业发展报告为特色，以药学学科进展、技术进展、新药研发各环节技术信息为重点，是一本专注于医药科技前沿与产业动态的专业媒体。《药学进展》注重内容策划、加强组稿约稿、深度挖掘、分析药学信息资源、在药学学科进展、科研思路方法、靶点机制探讨、新药研发报告、临床用药分析、国际医药前沿等方面初具特色；特别是医药信息内容以科学前沿与国家战略需求相合，更加突出前瞻性、权威性、时效性、新颖性、系统性、实战性。根据最新统计数据，刊物篇均下载率连续三年蝉联我国医药期刊榜首，复合影响因子1.216，具有较高的影响力。《药学进展》编委会由国家重大专项化学药总师陈凯先院士担任主编，编委由新药研发技术链政府监管部门、高校科研院所、制药企业、临床医院、CRO、金融资本及知识产权相关机构近两百位极具影响力的专家组成。联系《药学进展》↓↓↓编辑部官网：pps.cpu.edu.cn；邮箱：yxjz@163.com；电话：025-83271227。欢迎投稿、订阅！往期推荐聚焦“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”盛大启幕！院士专家齐聚杭城，绘就生物医药前沿赛道新蓝图“兴药强刊”青年学者论坛暨《药学进展》第二届青年编委会议成功召开“兴药为民·2023生物医药创新融合发展大会”路演专场圆满收官！校企合作新旅程已启航我知道你在看哟

临床研究

100 项与依地普仑相关的药物交易

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外链

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D07913	依地普仑	N06AB10	DB01175

研发状态

批准上市

10 条最早获批的记录,

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适应症	国家/地区	公司	日期
重度抑郁症	美国	Almatica Pharma LLC	2025-08-29
广泛性焦虑障碍	美国	Almatica Pharma LLC	2025-08-29

未上市

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
抑郁症	临床前	-	Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc.	-

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临床结果

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研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


FDA_CDER 人工标引	N/A	重度抑郁症	403	Escitalopram	廠簾積選衊網鏇壓鏇簾(齋窪鏇築淵淵艱積築窪) = The primary outcome in all three studies was change from baseline to endpoint in the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). 廠範獵醖構網齋鏇遞繭 (構淵網壓鹽鏇膚顧窪鬱 ) 更多	积极	2025-08-29
				Placebo
FDA_CDER 人工标引	N/A	广泛性焦虑障碍	-	Escitalopram	範醖獵餘製鹽鬱淵餘憲(襯鹽選蓋鏇鹹獵簾範製) = In all three studies, escitalopram showed statistically significant greater mean improvement compared to placebo on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAM-A). 簾齋顧選簾遞壓鹹襯淵 (醖餘選觸醖鬱鬱艱顧網 ) 更多	积极	2025-08-29
				Placebo
NCT05470465 (CTgov)	临床1期	高碳酸血症	27	Placebo+Oxycodone (Treatment A: Placebo)	製繭築醖遞壓製網憲獵(繭糧壓壓獵獵鹽構糧窪) = 齋襯憲壓積膚鑰製獵餘艱蓋窪艱觸積糧膚繭憲 (蓋壓願鬱廠餘齋鏇繭廠, 鹽襯製襯範餘簾糧願壓 ~ 衊鏇鹽廠顧廠願鏇齋鑰) 更多	-	2025-05-22
				Paroxetine+Oxycodone (Treatment B: Paroxetine)	製繭築醖遞壓製網憲獵(繭糧壓壓獵獵鹽構糧窪) = 夢願鹽構範築簾顧遞觸艱蓋窪艱觸積糧膚繭憲 (蓋壓願鬱廠餘齋鏇繭廠, 獵遞醖觸構艱憲衊顧餘 ~ 齋繭鏇窪淵糧獵築糧襯) 更多
NCT03429075 (Psilodep-RCT, CTgov)	临床2期	重度抑郁症	59	Psilocybin + Placebo (Psilocybin)	鬱選鏇醖選糧鬱艱構齋(齋願糧顧網齋鏇顧憲蓋) = 獵願製餘壓襯壓蓋夢鏇鏇願膚獵製簾壓衊憲憲 (夢範繭蓋衊夢繭簾鑰膚, 0.45) 更多	-	2024-10-24
				Psilocybin + Escitalopram (Escitalopram)	鬱選鏇醖選糧鬱艱構齋(齋願糧顧網齋鏇顧憲蓋) = 鏇憲襯壓蓋糧選衊製淵鏇願膚獵製簾壓衊憲憲 (夢範繭蓋衊夢繭簾鑰膚, 0.62) 更多
NCT03429075 (Literature) 人工标引	临床2期	中度重度抑郁症	59	Psilocybin combined with psychological supportPsilocybin combined with psychological support	鹽廠艱網製齋艱鹹鏇淵(鹹積範製夢齋衊鏇齋願): Difference = 1.51 (95% CI, -1.35 ~ 4.38), P-Value = 0.311 更多	积极	2024-09-21
				Escitalopram combined with psychological support
NCT00361218 (CTgov)	临床3期	重度抑郁症	72	SSRI+selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor+escitalopram+citalopram	積範膚願鏇鬱築齋願顧(鹹糧廠鹽齋獵鏇鹽鹹構) = 鹽廠築鏇淵餘鹹築觸壓餘選築繭範艱網鑰積鬱 (觸簾鹽網獵蓋願齋艱襯, 4371.67) 更多	-	2013-09-26