Abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is inadequately
comprehended, with hypotheses implicating amyloid-β, tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction,
and epigenetic factors. Recent research underscores the significance of lipoproteins and the gut microbiota
in the etiology of AD. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), particularly the E4 subtype, emerges as
a key genetic risk factor, influencing oxidative stress, synaptic defects, glucose metabolism, and
amyloid-β clearance. Lipoprotein receptors, such as LRP-1, also influence the integrity of the
blood-brain barrier, indicating potential for therapeutic applications. Novel therapies targeting lipoproteins,
such as ALZ-801 and IDOL inhibitors, show promise in preclinical and clinical trials.
Concurrently, the gut microbiome’s impact on AD is increasingly recognized. Dysbiosis correlates
with inflammation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, impaired autophagy, and neurotransmitter
imbalances. Gut-derived metabolites, including phenylalanine and isoleucine, promote Th1 cell activation
and microglial dysfunction, exacerbating AD pathology. Interventions, like probiotics,
GV-971, and polyphenols, demonstrate efficacy in restoring microbial balance and mitigating cognitive
decline. Crucially, bidirectional interactions between lipoproteins and the gut microbiome
are implicated in AD. ApoE genotypes influence gut microbial composition, while microbiota-
derived short-chain fatty acids and endotoxins modulate lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation.
These interactions, mediated via the gut-brain axis, highlight novel therapeutic avenues. Current
FDA-approved AD drugs face limitations in efficacy and side effects, underscoring the need
for innovative strategies targeting lipoprotein-gut microbiome crosstalk. Integrating insights into
lipoprotein biology and gut microbiota dynamics may offer transformative potential for AD treatment,
emphasizing combinatorial approaches to modulate these interconnected pathways. Further
research is warranted to elucidate mechanistic links and translate preclinical findings into clinical
applications.