Esketamine Hydrochloride

1. Background Suicide is a major public health challenge with over 800,000 deaths annually worldwide. Brazil experienced a concerning 57% increase in suicide rates between 2000-2019, highlighting urgent need for effective prevention strategies. This study evaluates two promising interventions: esketamine (rapid-acting pharmacological treatment) and Crisis Response Planning (CRP, evidence-based psychological safety planning approach) in a real-world Brazilian public health setting.
2. Study Design
Pragmatic randomized controlled trial with hybrid implementation-effectiveness design comparing three approaches in emergency departments across two Brazilian cities with combined population of 310,000:
* Group A: Single esketamine infusion (0.5 mg/kg over 40 minutes) + optimized usual treatment (OUT)
* Group B: Crisis Response Planning + OUT
* Group C: OUT alone (enhanced control)
3. Participants
Adults and adolescents (≥14 years) presenting with high suicide risk defined as:
* Recent suicide attempts within 30 days (actual, interrupted, or aborted)
* Severe suicidal ideation (Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale questions 4-5 positive)
* Non-suicidal self-harm requiring emergency medical attention
4. Target enrollment:
272 participants per group (816 total). Key exclusions: esketamine contraindications (cardiovascular disease, aneurysms), psychotic disorders, severe substance use disorders, pregnancy/lactation, inability to consent.
5. Interventions
1. Esketamine Group: IV infusion administered in medical setting with continuous 4-hour monitoring (pulse, blood pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation). Trained medical staff and emergency protocols available.
2. Crisis Response Planning: Collaborative intervention delivered by trained clinical psychologists. 20-45 minute sessions creating personalized, written safety plans identifying warning signs, internal coping strategies, social support contacts, professional resources, and means restriction.
3. Optimized Usual Treatment: Enhanced standard care including guaranteed psychiatric follow-up appointment within one week through municipal mental health services (CAPS - Psychosocial Care Centers).
6. Primary Outcome Repeated suicide-related events over one year including suicide attempts, interrupted attempts, suicide-prevention hospitalizations, deaths by suicide, and non-suicidal self-harm requiring medical attention.
7. Comprehensive Data Collection
1. Biomarkers: 10mL venous blood samples (2 EDTA tubes) collected at baseline by senior clinical nurses. Comprehensive laboratory analysis including complete blood count, metabolic panel, vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, B9, D, K), hormones (TSH, T3, T4, testosterone, DHEA, prolactin), inflammatory markers (CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO), minerals (iron, ferritin, magnesium, zinc, selenium), and lipid profiles. Samples processed within 24 hours and stored at -80°C for analysis.
2. Clinical Assessments: Comprehensive evaluations at 11 time points (baseline, 24 hours, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 24 weeks, 32 weeks, 40 weeks, 1 year) using validated instruments: Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), depression scales (PHQ-9, MADRS), anxiety (GAD-7), quality of life (SF-36v2), impulsivity (BIS-11), trauma history (MACE), substance use (ASSIST), sleep quality (PSQI), and additional psychosocial measures.
3. Ecological Momentary Assessment: Real-time data collection via smartphone application for consenting participants. Six daily prompts assessing mood, suicidal thoughts, and emotional states using validated scales. Previous research demonstrates safety and high compliance rates in suicide research populations.
8. Secondary Outcomes
* Time to new suicidal crisis or psychiatric emergency
* Changes in depression and anxiety severity scores
* Quality of life and functional outcome improvements
* Treatment response variability by demographic factors (age, gender, socioeconomic status)
* Comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis including direct medical costs and indirect productivity losses
* Patient and clinician satisfaction with treatment modalities
* Implementation barriers and facilitators using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)
* Biomarker predictors of treatment response
9. Clinical Significance This represents the first large-scale, real-world direct comparison of rapid-acting pharmacological (esketamine) versus evidence-based psychological (CRP) interventions for suicide prevention within a public health system. Results will provide crucial evidence for clinical practice guidelines and inform implementation of these interventions in Brazil and similar global contexts. The pragmatic design ensures findings are directly applicable to routine emergency department practice, while comprehensive biomarker analysis may identify biological predictors of treatment response to personalize suicide prevention approaches.