Zofenopril Calcium

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a widely‐used chemotherapeutic drug known to induce ovarian damage and infertility in women. The present study evaluated the potential protective roles of zofenopril, a sulfhydryl‐containing angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, and thymoquinone (ThQ), alone and in combination, against CYP‐induced ovarian damage in rats. Thirty adult female rats were divided into five groups: a control group that received normal saline; a CYP‐Induced group given a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose of 200 mg/kg CYP on day 17 of the experiment; and three groups pre‐treated with zofenopril, ThQ, or Zofenopril+ThQ for 17 days before CYP‐administration, and continuing for 2 days after CYP exposure. Animals were euthanized, and blood and ovarian tissues were collected 48 h after CYP administration. Serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), and estradiol (E2) levels were measured, as well as the apoptotic biomarker caspase‐3, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF‑α). Ovarian histomorphometry was also assessed. CYP injection induced ovarian injury, characterized by reduced serum AMH and E2 levels, increased FSH and LH levels, oxidative stress, and increased levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers. In addition, severe ovarian atrophy, regression and degradation of ovarian follicles, and atrophic follicles were observed. Zofenopril and ThQ administration significantly mitigated these CYP‐mediated effects, restoring hormone levels, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and improving ovarian histology compared with the CYP‐Induced group. Based on the present study, zofenopril and ThQ have protective effects against CYP‐induced ovarian injury; while co‐administration of zofenopril+ThQ was more effective at inhibiting CYP‐induced effects on TAOC, TNF‑α, and caspase‐3 levels.

Cyclophosphamide (Cyp) is associated with various organ toxicities. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of zofenopril (Zf), thymoquinone (Thym), and their combination in Cyp-induced cardiotoxicity.

Thirty rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. They received the following treatment orally for 19 days: Control (Con) and Cyp groups: normal saline. Zf: Zf 15 mg/kg, Thym: Thym 80 mg/kg, and Zf + Thym: a combination of both. A single dose of Cyp 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) was given on day 17 of the experiment to all the groups except the Con. Cardiac, inflammatory, and apoptotic biomarkers, including troponin T, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, hs-CRP, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), caspase-3, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), along with lipid profile and histopathological lesions, were assessed.

Cyp resulted in cardiotoxicity as manifested by a significant increase in troponin T, CK-MB, caspase-3, hs-CRP, suppression of TAC level, and marked histopathological alterations in cardiac tissues. Zf, Thym, and their combination significantly reduced CK-MB levels. NF-κB level was significantly decreased by Thym, while the combination of Zf and Thym significantly elevated TAC. hs-CRP was significantly reduced only by Zf. Caspase-3 were significantly lowered by both Zf and Thym individually, as well as by their combination.

Zf and Thym provided cardioprotection against Cyp-induced cardiotoxicity through distinct mechanisms. Zf exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, evidenced by a significant reduction in hs-CRP, along with anti-apoptotic activity. Thym significantly suppressed NF-κB expression. Their combination enhanced antioxidant capacity, however, no superiority over individual treatments was observed concerning their other actions.