Amlodipine Besylate

The consumption of contaminated water by humans and animals has resulted in the proliferation of various diseases and environmental pollution. In particular, pharmaceutical effluents are notable as one of the main contaminants in water bodies. Here, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Strychnos potatorumseed extract and acted as a reducing and capping agent. Furthermore, the nanocomposite effectively integrated ZnO with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through reflux. ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 18.3 nm and spherical morphology. The few layers of rGO sheets were wrapped with ZnO NPs, as observed in FESEM images. The surface area was estimated at 28.93 and 103.77 m²/g for ZnO and ZnO-rGO, respectively. Correspondingly, the optical properties of materials correlated with energy gaps of 3.41 and 2.93 eV. The XPS analysis confirms the presence of ZnO-rGO by identifying the distinctive binding energy peaks. The ZnO-rGO nanocomposite exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition measuring 26 mm for S. aureus and 25 mm for E. coli, compared to ZnO NPs. Further, the prepared nanomaterials were used as catalysts to degrade Amlodipine and Metformin drug pollutants under sunlight exposure. ZnO-rGO nanocomposite showed the maximum degradation efficiency of 92.68 % and 95.78 % for Amlodipine and Metformin, respectively. Overall, rGO-wrapped ZnO nanocomposite is versatile for degrading pharmaceutical pollutants and combating bacterial infections.

Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) aims to create eco-friendly methods for pharmaceutical analysis, with a focus on quality control. This study focuses on the simultaneous quantification of candesartan (CAN), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), and amlodipine (AML) in a triple medication using two green spectrophotometric techniques. The study incorporates mathematical manipulation approaches to extract the parent spectrum of each drug component. These integrated methods address the problem of spectral signal overlap without requiring prior separation, utilizing a factorized spectrum (FS), which is notable for its capacity to assess the specified drugs in the mixture and retrieve their original zero-order spectra it is distinctive for its ability to evaluate the mentioned drugs within the mixture and recover their initial zero-order spectra. The first integrated resolution technique, the Integrated signal processing plan (ISPP-D⁰), was applied to the mixture's zero-order spectrum, including successive manipulation of three methods: extended absorbance difference, absorbance resolution, and spectrum subtraction. The second integrated resolution technique is the Integrated signal processing plan (ISPP-R)via ratio spectrum of the mixture, which includes successive manipulation of three methods: dual amplitude difference, ratio extraction, and spectrum subtraction. The proposed methods were validated and assessed following the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, showing linear concentration ranges of 5.0-35.0 µg/mL for CAN at 254.0 nm, 2.0-20.0 µg/mL for HCT at 270.0 nm, and 5.0-35.0 µg/mL for AML at 240.0 nm. The specificity was evaluated by accurately and precisely determining the concentrations of the three drugs in their synthetic blends and single-tablet pharmaceutical formulation. The findings were statistically analyzed against the official results using the F-test and Student's t-test, indicating no notable differences. These UV spectrophotometric techniques align with green analytical chemistry (GAC) and white analytical chemistry (WAC) principles, supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). These integrated analytical techniques for drug analysis offer enhanced precision and efficiency, enabling the retrieval of zero-order spectra that serve as unique fingerprints for each analyte. These advancements simplify the identification process, improve accuracy, and ensure reliable results, making them invaluable in pharmaceutical research and quality control.