Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

The balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is pivotal for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the genes responsible for regulating this balance are still not fully understood. This investigation sought to explore and identify novel genes that influence MSC differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, thereby enhancing bone formation. Four datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were utilized: three focused on osteogenic differentiation (GSE73087, GSE18043, GSE114117), and one on adipogenic differentiation (GSE37836). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation processes were analyzed using the limma R package. A sum of 471 common differentially expressed genes (CDEGs) were found in MSC osteogenesis, comprising 240 elevated and 231 reduced genes. Similarly, in MSCs adipogenesis, 204 elevated genes and 459 reduced genes were identified. Fourteen hub genes were found to overlap between the CDEGs associated with MSC osteogenesis and DEGs linked to adipogenic differentiation. Notably, the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) was elevated during osteogenesis but reduced during adipogenesis. Overexpression of ARNT2 enhanced the expression of osteogenic markers in MSCs, while its suppression led to a decrease in osteogenic marker expression. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that ARNT2 interacts with Hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), and Single-minded homolog 2 (SIM2), which are implicated in the regulation of MSCs osteogenesis. In summary, fourteen hub genes were identified as potential regulators in the osteo-adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Among them, ARNT2 was confirmed to promote osteogenesis in MSCs and exhibited potential as a therapeutic target for bone-related diseases.

Reprogramming technology, breaking the inherent limitations of cellular identity and turning somatic cells into pluripotent cells with more developmental potential, holds great promise for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Compared with traditional methods based on overexpressing transcription factors, chemical reprogramming with small molecules exhibits substantial advantages in safety and convenience, thus being the leading edge. Over the past decade, a notable focus has been reshaping cellular pluripotency and totipotency using pure small-molecule systems. Here, we provide a concise Review comparing the chemical approaches that have emerged to date and discussing the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms involved in chemical reprogramming. This Review highlights the remarkable potential of small-molecule potions to reformulate cell fate through epigenetic reprogramming and newly discovered actions. We aim to offer insights into chemically controlled cell manipulation and key challenges and future application prospects of chemical reprogramming.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0859.].