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摘要：近年来，免疫疗法在乳腺癌（BC）治疗中显示出鼓舞人心的结果。程序性细胞死亡配体1（PD-L1）跨膜蛋白被认为是免疫反应中的共抑制因子，它与程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）合作，刺激凋亡，抑制PD-1阳性细胞释放细胞因子，并限制PD-1阳性细胞的生长。此外，在许多恶性肿瘤中，PD-L1降低了免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的反应。这些观察结果表明，PD-1/PD-L1轴在癌症治疗和调节癌症免疫逃逸机制中发挥着重要作用。本综述旨在概述PD-1和PD-L1在BC癌症治疗中的功能。方法：本研究设计为文献综述。风格是关于PD-1/PD-L1通路相关主题或变量的传统综述。使用三个在线数据库进行了文献搜索。结果：使用关键词进行搜索，共得到248项研究。根据纳入和排除标准再次筛选每个结果，最终共有4项研究纳入文献综述。结论：PD-1/PD-L1的结合对许多恶性肿瘤至关重要。根据所提供的证据，这种结合在癌症治疗中既提供了机会也带来了挑战。由于许多实体癌症，特别是BC，表达高水平的PD-1/PD-L1，癌症治疗主要涉及靶向疗法。 1.引言 乳腺癌（BC）的治疗取决于个体情况。肿瘤学研究（基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学和蛋白质组学）、设备开发（诊断和治疗）以及药物发现在BC治疗中扮演着重要角色。手术仍然是主要的治疗方式，并且已经发展出许多创新的乳房切除技术。癌症研究传统上关注癌细胞和癌症作为一种基因疾病；然而，对这种疾病作为系统性疾病的广泛调查已经确定癌症是一种具有多种表现的复杂疾病。因此，研究已经从关注癌细胞发展到基于宿主体内的免疫系统功能及其起源环境的全面方法。与免疫系统相关的癌症两个特征是慢性炎症，它鼓励肿瘤发展，以及癌细胞逃避免疫系统破坏的能力。免疫系统可能无法抑制癌细胞的增殖并诱导这些细胞的进一步发展，这被称为免疫编辑假说。逃避免疫系统的能力是Hanahan和Weinberg概述的癌细胞十个属性中的一个重要组成部分（图1）。近年来，免疫疗法在乳腺癌（BC）治疗中显示出鼓舞人心的结果。程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）通过防止调节性T细胞的凋亡、触发抗原特异性T细胞的凋亡和控制T细胞活性来促进自我耐受并抑制免疫反应。程序性细胞死亡配体1（PD-L1）跨膜蛋白被认为是免疫反应中的共抑制因子，它与PD-1合作，刺激凋亡，抑制PD-1阳性细胞释放细胞因子，并限制PD-1阳性细胞的生长。此外，在许多恶性肿瘤中，PD-L1降低了免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的反应。这些观察结果表明，PD-1/PD-L1轴在癌症治疗和调节癌症免疫逃逸机制中发挥着重要作用。本综述旨在概述PD-1和PD-L1在BC中的功能，以增强癌症治疗。 图1. 癌细胞的特征。使用Biorender.com创建。 2.方法 本研究设计为文献综述。风格是关于PD-1/PD-L1通路相关主题或变量的传统综述。使用三个在线数据库（PubMed、Crossref和Google Scholar）进行了文献搜索。搜索词包括主要关键词“程序性细胞死亡1受体”和“程序性细胞死亡1配体1”，以及几个辅助关键词“乳腺癌”和“免疫系统”。包括的文章是那些有全文可用且用英语发表的文章。 3.结果 使用主要关键词“程序性细胞死亡1受体”和“程序性细胞死亡1配体1”，以及之前描述的几个辅助关键词进行搜索，共得到248项研究。根据文章的标题和摘要筛选每个结果，并根据纳入和排除标准再次筛选，最终共有4项研究纳入文献综述（图2）。 图2. 本研究中使用了PRISMA流程图。 4.讨论 4.1.癌症免疫系统 为了有效地消除癌细胞，免疫反应必须包括一系列连续和重复的过程，建立癌症免疫的循环（图3）。癌细胞最初产生新抗原，随后释放并被抗原呈递细胞（APCs）捕获。为了引发抗肿瘤反应并减轻对产生的肿瘤抗原的外周抵抗，这一阶段需要一个独特的信号。这些免疫原性信号包括由凋亡肿瘤细胞释放的炎症细胞因子和化学物质。当APCs附着在主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）分子上时，处理过的抗原被呈递给T细胞。然后效应T细胞识别癌症特异性抗原作为潜在的有害入侵者，此时效应和调节性（T reg）T细胞之间的比例决定了激活的免疫反应类型。一旦激活，效应T细胞就前往肿瘤部位并与肿瘤细胞上的抗原相互作用，之后它们绑定到这些细胞并杀死它们。随着肿瘤细胞被破坏，反应循环随着更多肿瘤特异性抗原的增加而加强。这个过程并不理想，这个系统可能会出现几个问题。例如，肿瘤抗原可能未被检测到；APCs和T细胞可能将肿瘤抗原误认为是自身抗原，导致T reg反应而不是抗肿瘤反应；肿瘤微环境可能会抑制产生的效应细胞。癌症免疫循环需要多个组件的协调作用，包括激活免疫系统对抗癌细胞的免疫刺激因子和调节这种活动的抑制因子。这些因素在循环的每一步中协作。刺激因子促进免疫，而抑制因子监控正在进行的过程，减少免疫反应活动和/或防止自身免疫。像PD-L1这样的检查点蛋白，被称为免疫调节剂，表现出抑制功能以调节肿瘤组织中活跃的免疫反应。例如，当T细胞表面的PD-1受体与癌细胞表达的PD-L1结合时，T细胞功能受到抑制。PD-L1的过表达在各种类型的癌症中很常见，并因其对抗癌反应的抑制作用而与预后不良相关。 图3. 癌症免疫系统。使用Biorender.com创建。 4.2.免疫编辑 免疫编辑过程阐明了免疫系统在乳腺癌的发展和演变中的作用。免疫系统有助于预防癌症以及疾病的发生、侵袭和转移。目前，许多癌症治疗方法专注于如何更有效地利用免疫系统，例如使用适应性免疫疗法和单克隆抗体来阻止T细胞接收到的抑制信号，如抗PD-1。 免疫编辑的三个主要阶段是消除、平衡和逃逸（图4）。消除阶段涉及适应性免疫系统识别和根除癌细胞。细胞毒性免疫细胞释放穿孔素以触发癌细胞溶解。通过消除阶段的癌细胞过渡到平衡阶段，它们利用免疫系统的负向调节动态。在这个阶段，免疫反应有效地调节癌细胞的增殖、扩散和程序性细胞死亡（凋亡）。然而，癌细胞之间的异质性和遗传变异使它们能够从这种平衡中逃逸，此时激活免疫抑制机制。 图4. 免疫编辑过程的阶段。使用Biorender.com创建。 4.3.免疫反应对肿瘤发展的影响 循环肿瘤细胞（CTCs）的生长和转移涉及癌细胞的释放、逃避免疫系统以及通过粘附和渗出血管产生远距离转移。免疫系统与CTCs的相互作用对这些过程至关重要。原发肿瘤平均每天向血液中释放数千个肿瘤细胞；然而，很少测量CTCs的数量。这是因为从原始免疫抑制微环境中释放出来的肿瘤细胞变得容易受到免疫细胞的攻击。图5展示了CTCs免疫逃逸的图示。 图5. 基于免疫系统的转移级联的主要阶段。使用Biorender.com创建。 免疫反应高度依赖于免疫系统识别触发免疫反应的抗原的能力。免疫反应细胞源自多能干细胞，它们通过淋巴途径分化，产生淋巴细胞及其亚群，或通过髓系途径形成吞噬细胞和其他细胞。主要的免疫活性细胞是T淋巴细胞，而次要成分包括T辅助细胞、T细胞毒性细胞和T调节细胞，每种细胞都发挥不同的功能。 免疫编辑是肿瘤进展的重要组成部分。在平衡阶段，通过产生抑制信号等方法，消除转化细胞可以诱导产生免疫原性低且对效应T细胞更具抵抗力的肿瘤变体。此外，肿瘤衍生的可溶性因子（TDSF）可以诱导多种机制，允许在肿瘤微环境中逃避免疫细胞攻击。 免疫细胞未能消除原发肿瘤细胞导致这些细胞增殖并进行有丝分裂。细胞增殖通常与快速肿瘤生长和更具侵略性的生物学和临床行为相关，这种活动可以通过计算有丝分裂指数来识别。有丝分裂指数是确定包括BC在内的多种肿瘤的侵略性和分化程度的金标准。 由于免疫反应失败，肿瘤进展增加在观察到肿瘤增大时变得明显。肿瘤细胞的增殖和有丝分裂数量显著增加，导致体积加速增长，这可以通过临床检查和成像评估。实体癌症治疗涉及移除原发肿瘤和消除转移；因此，在临床实践中理解和控制转移很重要。转移从单个实体肿瘤开始，经历多个转移阶段，导致已经扩散且难以治愈的癌症。 在每个阶段，宿主免疫系统可以识别癌细胞。在原发肿瘤阶段，一些免疫细胞作为促转移剂，如T调节细胞，通过分泌IL 10提供免疫抑制，从而抑制细胞毒性T细胞和NK细胞的反应。其他免疫细胞，包括巨噬细胞，参与血管生成过程，其中M2肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAMs）产生CCL-2和IL-10以促进血管生成；通过表达精氨酸酶阻断DCs、T细胞和NK细胞来增强免疫抑制；并使用基质金属蛋白酶通过改变基质促进侵袭。一些免疫细胞作为抗转移剂，如细胞毒性NK细胞、T细胞和M1 TAMs，它们杀死癌细胞。 在M2循环阶段，TAMs和T调节细胞作为促转移剂，其中T调节细胞减少并抑制循环中的NK细胞和T细胞，这允许转移细胞存活。虽然细胞毒性T细胞和NK细胞识别并杀死癌细胞，M1 TAM细胞产生CXCL9、IL-6和IL-12来表达iNOS并通过产生一氧化氮直接破坏肿瘤细胞。在转移生态位阶段，成熟的NK细胞促进转移生态位生长，当这些细胞具有低免疫能力时。 相反，未成熟的NK细胞抑制转移生态位形成。在这个阶段，巨噬细胞（M2）通过诱导局部免疫抑制环境参与准备转移生态位，而M1刺激局部免疫。此外，当细胞毒性T细胞进入转移生态位时，它们可以识别并杀死癌细胞。 5.PD-L1  5.1.PD-L1结构  当T淋巴细胞通过识别主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）在特定细胞上的抗原时，炎症细胞因子被分泌到循环系统中。通过特定细胞因子的作用，T细胞上的程序性死亡-1（PD-1；CD279）蛋白激活促进组织中程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）的产生。用户包括了引用，建议包含引用或来源。 抑制性共受体PD-1存在于包括B淋巴细胞、CD8+和CD4+ T细胞、NK细胞以及其他亚型的肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞（TILs）在内的几种细胞类型表面。用户提供的数字引用没有文本描述。鉴于长期抗原暴露可能会诱导PD-1表达的选择性增加，T细胞PD-1表达可能表明T细胞疲劳。由于缺乏信息，无法对用户的材料进行学术改写。类型1跨膜蛋白PD-1由程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PDCD1）基因编码。 PD-1分子由三个主要结构元素组成：外部免疫球蛋白可变区（IgV）结构域、一个疏水性跨膜区域，以及几个细胞内区域。细胞内尾部组分包括免疫受体酪氨酸基开关基序（ITSM）和免疫受体酪氨酸基抑制基序（ITIM），两者都有可能发生磷酸化。免疫受体PD-1的激活被认为需要活性免疫受体酪氨酸基开关基序（ITSMs）的存在以调节T细胞反应。 PD-L2（也称为B7-DC或CD273）和PD-L1（也称为B7-H1或CD274）是作为共抑制因子并构成PD-1受体的配体。PD-L1是由CD274基因编码的蛋白质，包含290个氨基酸，分子量为40 kDa（图6）。PD-L1是适应性免疫反应的关键调节因子，可能位于染色体9 p24。 图6. PD-L1蛋白结构域、mRNA和基因的图解表示。使用Biorender.com创建。 CD274基因的启动子区域包含许多对IFN-γ有反应的成分；因此，CD274在IFN-γ诱导的PD-L1表达上调中起着关键作用。PD-L1作为一种跨膜蛋白运作，由两个细胞外域（Ig-V和Ig-C）和一个单一的跨膜区域组成。PD-L1是一个简短的细胞质域，传递细胞内信号；它由CD274基因编码，由7个外显子组成（图7），每个外显子都编码蛋白质的特定部分。 外显子1编码细胞内和跨膜域、信号序列以及IgC样和IgV样域，而外显子7编码3' UTR和细胞内域。PD-L1基因包含七个外显子（图7），PD-L1蛋白由一个跨膜域、两个类似于免疫球蛋白C和免疫球蛋白V的细胞外域，以及一个单独的细胞内域组成。 图7. PD-L1蛋白结构、mRNA和基因。使用Biorender.com创建。 5.2.PD-L1调控 包括肿瘤细胞、巨噬细胞和T细胞和B淋巴细胞在内的各种细胞表达CD40配体1（PD-L1）。然而，并非所有肿瘤或恶性细胞都表达PD-L1，尽管它存在于癌细胞的细胞质和质膜中。图8A显示了许多启动PD-L1表达的促炎分子、VEGF、GM-CSF、LPS、TNF-α、I型和II型IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10细胞因子。其中，活化的T细胞释放最有效的触发因子，即IFN-γ，而TGF-β、PTEN和p53抑制PD-L1表达（图8B）。与PD-L1不同，PD-L2的表达仅限于APCs。研究表明，PD-L1表达受多种信号通路、转录因子和表观遗传因素的调控。 图8. PD-L1调节信号通路。使用Biorender.com创建。 5.2.1.信号通路 A.MAPK通路 丝裂原激活蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路的激活可能导致PD-L1表达水平的增加。MAPK通路是非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中的一个致癌机制，通过激活表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）上调PD-L1。化疗药物诱导的癌细胞PD-L1上调可能是由于MAPK通路的激活。例如，MEK抑制剂U0126消除了紫杉醇诱导的PD-L1表达，而顺铂浓度通过MAPK激活触发PD-L1表达。 B.PI3K/Akt通路 磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）/Akt通路已被涉及在癌细胞中PD-L1的调控，因为已确定PI3K抑制剂降低了BRAF抑制剂耐药黑色素瘤细胞中的PD-L1表达。例如，Akt抑制消除了PTEN耗竭时发生的PD-L1增加。通过PI3K/Akt信号通路的PD-L1增加伴随着转录上调以及翻译后过程；在结肠癌细胞中，Akt的刺激导致PD-L1蛋白过表达，与PD-L1 mRNA表达水平无关。ePI3K/Akt通路的转录和翻译后机制调节各种细胞和组织以控制PD-L1表达。尽管下游效应子mTOR/S6尚未被证明介导Akt对PD-L1表达的作用，但Akt的抑制导致PD-L1表达减少。相比之下，PD-L1表达由Akt的下游靶标核因子NF-B调节，PD-L1的转录增加是由于Akt激活NF-B。 C.JAK-STAT信号通路 STAT通路被生长因子、IFNs、细胞因子和类似化学物质激活，并被认为是一个进化上保守的过程。这种策略为细胞提供了一个控制基因表达的关键工具，并代表了细胞如何响应其环境并解释信号以调节增殖和分裂的基本示例。最近的研究表明，肿瘤通过JAK/STAT系统制造PD-L1，根据Doi等人的研究，PD-L1表达可能通过使用JAK2抑制剂AG490在蛋白和mRNA水平上被阻断。这些结果支持JAK/STAT通路调节PD-L1表达的观点。此外，成纤维细胞生长因子受体（FGFR）2信号通过JAK/STAT3信号通路的有效激活与体外PD-L1表达的升高相对应。结直肠癌的异种移植模型揭示了FGFR2的过表达加速了肿瘤发展，并导致PD-L1表达激增。减轻这种影响的一种可能策略是使用JAK抑制剂来阻碍JAK/STAT3通路。 D.WNT信号通路 以前的研究表明，WNT信号的失调与肿瘤的发展、细胞从癌症到恶性的转变以及对传统癌症治疗的抵抗密切相关。异常的WNT信号破坏了癌症免疫监测的过程，导致免疫逃逸和对免疫疗法的敏感性降低，包括免疫检查点抑制剂。例如，在缺乏WNT配体的情况下，非糖基化的PD-L1在乳腺癌小鼠模型中沿GSK3B-β-TrCP轴的活跃信号时显示出加速的蛋白酶体降解。然而，GSK3阻断剂通过降低动物黑色素瘤模型中PDCD1基因表达来增加肿瘤根除。WNT活性与PD-L1表达之间的功能相互作用允许使用特定的WNT抑制剂或激活剂来治疗三阴性乳腺癌，以分别降低或提高PD-L1表达。 E.NF-κB信号通路 已经提出，Toll样受体（TLRs）或IFN-γ驱动的核因子（NF）-κB刺激PD-L1基因表达。姜黄素是一种NF-κB抑制剂，当与抗CTLA-4检查点抑制药物联合使用时，可以抑制黑色素瘤、乳腺癌和结肠癌细胞系的生长。抑制肿瘤细胞的生存和增殖，并针对肿瘤内的免疫检查点可能抑制NF-κB，这可能涉及LMP1诱导的PD-L1表达，因为咖啡酸苯乙酯（一种NF-κB抑制剂）减少了PD-L1诱导。除了INF-γ，转录因子NF-κB是PD-L1表达的关键调节因子，已被证明成功减少IFN诱导的PD-L1表达，而STAT3、PI3K和MAPK抑制剂未能实现相同的结果。Peng等人发现，化疗导致卵巢癌患者PD-L1水平更高，这是由于NF-κB介导的局部免疫抑制。 5.2.2.Hedgehog信号通路 近期的治疗进展集中在使用小分子抑制剂，如SMO和GLI，来修改Hedgehog（Hh）信号通路。该通路被认为对基质细胞的增殖至关重要，其功能的偏差可能导致肿瘤的发展。此外，Hh信号可能在调节PD-L1生产中发挥作用，Hh信号的抑制可能在淋巴细胞中引起抗肿瘤活性。根据Chakrabarti等人的研究，特定患者应该接受一种联合治疗方法，既针对Hh信号也针对免疫学检查点，因为Hh信号参与了PD-1/PD-L1的抑制，这导致Gli2诱导的耐受性和胃癌中PD-L1表达的逆转。 5.3.PD-1/PD-L1信号 许多研究报告称，通过PD-L1和PD-1之间的相互作用传递免疫病理学和免疫耐受抑制信号。PD-1/PD-L1信号可以通过磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）、T细胞受体（TCR）和磷酸酶-1（SHP-1）信号通路阻碍免疫反应（图9）。PD-L1对效应T细胞的作用和PD-1抑制TCR信号传导，进而抑制T细胞的细胞毒性。当SHP-1被抑制时，免疫受体酪氨酸基开关基序（ITSM）和酪氨酸基抑制基序（ITIM）的活动可能增强，由钠钨酸盐控制的CD8+ T细胞活性。PD-1的ITSM基序可能被ITSM酪氨酸磷酸化，然后运送SHP-2和SHP-1到ITSM基序。在这种吸收之后，信号通路阻止树突细胞和T细胞的相互作用，并抑制停止信号。最后，阻断TCR信号传输抑制了MAPK和PI3K/Akt信号。此外，Akt的激活和PI3K的抑制减少了B细胞淋巴瘤超大（Bcl-xl）表达，进而增加了T细胞凋亡。 图9. PD-1/PD-L1信号减少CD8+ T细胞的增殖、存活和细胞因子产生 。使用Biorender.com创建。 PD-L1阻断了Ras/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt通路，这阻止了T细胞的激活和对T细胞存活至关重要的转录因子的运作。PD-1和PD-L1之间的相互作用可能抑制T-bet和GATA-3的表达。GATA-3转录因子参与Th2细胞的产生，而T-bet转录因子可能通过结合T盒区域增强T细胞增殖。 然而，目前尚不清楚所有类型的癌症是否都使用PD-L1信号的确切机制，因为一些癌症类型的预后不同，可能由于涉及不同的PD-L1机制。 6.PD-1/PD-L1在癌症中的功能  6.1.乳腺癌  PD表达已与人类乳腺癌干细胞（BCSCs）中的上皮-间质转化（EMT）相关联。与细胞系相比，MCF-7和BT-549肿瘤球中PD-L1表达的增加可能部分归因于PD-L1启动子区域内的去甲基化。此外，肿瘤中组蛋白乙酰转移酶的过表达可以加速PD-L1转录。与细胞系相比，PD-L1启动子区域内慢速组蛋白的分布不太明显。这些结果表明PD-L1在BCSCs中具有重要功能。 最近的病理学调查确定，多种亚型的雌激素受体（ER）α阴性BC含有增加的PD-L1水平。刘等人发现ERα阴性和ERα阳性乳腺癌细胞系之间PD-L1 mRNA的平均表达存在显著差异。因此，研究了ER阴性（MDA-MB-231和BT549）和ER阳性乳腺癌细胞系（MCF7和T47D）中PD-L1的表达。根据RT-qPCR和西方印迹研究，T47D和MCF7细胞中PD-L1的蛋白和mRNA水平显著低于MDA-MB-231和BT549细胞）。最近的研究表明，PD-L1抑制癌细胞的发展，当PD-L1被沉默时，BC细胞中阿霉素诱导的和自发的死亡增加。 7.癌症中PD-1/PD-L1的抑制剂 使用PD-1/PD-L1靶向疗法可能显著减缓癌症进展。图10概述了一些关键方案，以增强癌症治疗。 图10. 恶性肿瘤中的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂 。使用Biorender.com创建。 1.Pembrolizumab Joseph等人发现，Pembrolizumab对肺转移的治疗有效性（62%）显著高于其对肝转移的治疗效果（22%）。肺和肝转移患者的一年总生存率分别为89%和53%。被诊断为转移性鳞状细胞癌（SCCHN）和/或头颈部复发的患者总体生存率有限，通常不超过六个月。在头颈部区域使用抗PD-1检查点药物进行免疫治疗已增加了生存率和肿瘤反应。在单臂II期KEYNOTE-055试验和Ib期KEYNOTE-012试验中，Pembrolizumab治疗的转移性和复发患者的反应率为18%，中位OS为6至8个月。此外，HER2阳性、曲妥珠单抗耐药和PD-L1阳性BC患者已用Pembrolizumab和曲妥珠单抗治疗。 2.Nivolumab 完全人源单克隆抗体Nivolumab可以抑制PD-L1和PD-1之间的相互作用。赵等人描述了一个案例，一名晚期肝肉瘤患者在阿帕替尼和Nivolumab治疗后部分缓解。然而，在治疗过程中，3级氨基转移酶水平显著升高。因此，在考虑联合治疗时应谨慎，并在批准实施前进行全面评估潜在风险。CheckMate 275 2期临床试验的结果表明，先前治疗中对基于铂的化疗表现出耐药性的晚期尿路上皮癌患者可能在使用Nivolumab后有良好结果。与基于铂的化疗后可用的少数化疗选择相比，免疫治疗有许多优势之一是其治疗效果的持久性增加。其他试验的长期生存率证实了这一点，包括3期CheckMate 057（n=582）和CheckMate 017（n=272）试验。这些研究比较了先前治疗过的晚期非鳞状NSCLC中多西他赛和Nivolumab的有效性。在CheckMate 057和017试验组中，多西他赛的预测3年总生存率为8%，而非鳞状NSCLC患者为17%，预测的2年OS率，多西他赛为8%，而鳞状NSCLC分别为16%和29%，分别为多西他赛和Nivolumab。 3.JQ1 刘等人研究了JQ1对多种癌细胞系和从肾细胞癌衍生的原代培养细胞中PD-L1蛋白和mRNA表达的影响。这些癌细胞系包括多种恶性肿瘤，包括前列腺、肺和肝肿瘤。这些作者报告称，JQ1对细胞生长有剂量依赖性的抑制作用。在用JQ1处理后，肺、肝、前列腺和肾癌细胞系的原代培养中观察到PD-L1表达减少。此外，在用JQ1处理的细胞中还观察到PD-L2水平的下降。因此，JQ1似乎有能力调节PD-1/PD-L1轴。 4.Cemiplimab 使用PD-1抑制剂在治疗晚期皮肤鳞状细胞癌（cSCC）方面取得了积极成果。Cemiplimab是一种单克隆抗体，能够结合程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1），抑制其与PD-L2和PD-L1的相互作用。2018年9月，食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准Cemiplimab用于治疗局部晚期转移性结直肠癌患者，这些患者不适合放射治疗或手术。 5.Atezolizumab Atezolizumab是一种经过人源化设计的单克隆抗体，旨在选择性地抑制PD-L1与其受体B7.1和PD-1之间的相互作用。这种化合物增强了T细胞对肿瘤状况的免疫反应。Atezolizumab单药治疗已成为转移性NSCLC和UC的潜在治疗选择。最近，IMmotion 151 3期研究比较了舒尼替尼与贝伐珠单抗（抗VEGF）和Atezolizumab作为结直肠癌可能的一线治疗。根据免疫组化，贝伐珠单抗/Atezolizumab实现了其共同主要目标之一，即在与舒尼替尼相比，表达PD-L1的肿瘤浸润免疫细胞≥1%的晚期结直肠癌患者中显示出更好的研究者评估的PFS。 6.Avelumab 单克隆人IgG1抗体Avelumab抑制PD-L1受体。1b期研究（JAVELIN Solid Tumor）显示，先前接受过治疗的复发或转移性NSCLC患者的肿瘤和免疫细胞中PD-L1表达减少。包括55名晚期肾细胞癌患者的1b期、非随机试验结果显示，阿西替尼和Avelumab的联合使用是有效的。具体来说，58%的患者有成功的反应，78%的患者病情得到控制。 8.结论 PD-1/PD-L1的结合对许多恶性肿瘤至关重要；因此，需要在这一领域进行更多的研究。根据所提供的证据，这种结合在癌症治疗中既提供了机会也带来了挑战。由于许多实体癌症，特别是乳腺癌，表达高水平的PD-1/PD-L1，癌症治疗主要涉及靶向疗法。免疫疗法的有希望的发现表明，这种治疗可能会延长特定患者的生存期。PD-1/PD-L1免疫疗法阻断可能是各种癌症类型的下一个合理的进展；然而，还有许多因素尚待确定，包括剂量、持久性、有效性和安全性。 为促进抗体行业的交流与创新，2024年10月16-17日第七届金秋十月抗体产业发展大会如约而至。会议旨在为研究人员提供一个互动交流的平台，有助于推动抗体产业的进一步发展。 会议内容 时间：2024年10月16-17日 地点：上海（酒店定向通知） 规模：600-800人 主办单位：生物制品圈、抗体圈 演讲支持：Entegris、瑞孚迪、AS ONE CORPORATION 会议费用：免费FREE!（仅收取100元报名定金，含参会学习、茶歇、会议手册，定金概不退还），先到先得，报完即止！ 报名方式：扫描下方二维码或点击文章最底部“阅读原文”→ 填写表格 → 报名成功（报名志愿者，承担一定工作，请慎重考虑，免交定金）！ 组委会获得报名信息后，根据报名信息进行初筛，并进一步与报名者沟通确认，实现精准邀请。最终有机会进入大会微信群（严格审核通过）。 日程安排 更多嘉宾正在邀请中 识别微信二维码，添加生物制品圈小编，符合条件者即可加入 生物制品微信群！ 请注明：姓名+研究方向！ 版 权 声 明 本公众号所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源和作者，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系(cbplib@163.com)，我们将立即进行删除处理。所有文章仅代表作者观点，不代表本站立场。

Following recent transactions and cost-cutting efforts, Sol-Gel’s cash runway is expected to extend into the first quarter of 2026 Ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of SGT-610 for Gorlin Syndrome with over 30 clinical sites activated; Top-line results are expected by the second quarter of 2026 SGT-210 proof-of-concept study in patients suffering from Darier disease, a significant unmet medical need in dermatology, is ongoing Sol-Gel sells its rights in the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)drug product generic to Zoryve® Cream(roflumilast cream 0.3%) Following management realignment, Mr. Mori Arkin, the Company’s executive chairman and controlling shareholder to be appointed as Company’s interim CEO as of January 1, 2025, subject to shareholders approval Sol-Gel recently signed license agreements with respect to TWYNEO and EPSOLAY in Europe and South Africa and is negotiating additional license deals in Latin America and other territories Aug. 16, 2024 -- Sol-Gel Technologies, Ltd. (NASDAQ: SLGL), a dermatology company, pioneering treatments for patients with severe skin conditions, conducting a Phase-3 clinical trial of SGT-610 (patidegib gel, 2%) for Gorlin syndrome, and with two approved large-category dermatology products, TWYNEO® and EPSOLAY®, today announced financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024, and provided a corporate update. On August 15, 2024, Sol-Gel signed a new agreement with Padagis, which replaces the parties’ prior collaborative agreement for the development and commercialization of a drug product generic to Zoryve® Cream (roflumilast cream 0.3%). Under this new agreement, Sol-Gel is to unconditionally receive quarterly payments which will be paid over 24 months and low single digit royalties from gross profits from sales of roflumilast cream for a period of five years, in lieu of its 50% share in future gross profits from such sales. In addition, Sol-Gel will cease paying any outstanding and future costs related to this prior collaborative agreement. The amount to be received by Padagis together with the elimination of future expected expenses related to this asset is expected to enhance our cash position by approximately $6million. Recognizing that TWYNEO and EPSOLAY have a significant commercial potential also outside the U.S., during July 2024, Sol-Gel has successfully signed six initial license agreements with key partners covering most European countries and South Africa. Sol-Gel expects to sign additional agreements covering the majority of Latin American countries, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain, Italy and Portugal. These already signed agreements together with agreements we anticipate to sign in the future, are expected to provide upfront and regulatory milestone payments of up to $3.7 million, which we expect to utilize on adapting TWYNEO and EPSOLAY to the regulatory requirements of these new territories. Based on the forecasts received from Sol-Gel’s current and potential partners, Sol-Gel expects that TWYNEO and EPSOLAY will launch in the majority of these new territories in 2027 and 2026 respectively, and following launch these transactions are anticipated to provide Sol-Gel with an annual royalty revenue stream starting with approximately $1 million to $2 million in 2026 and growing gradually to approximately up to $10 million for the year 2030 and further. The Phase3 study in Sol-Gel’s key asset SGT-610 in approximately 140 subjects (with 100 subjects required to complete the Study), at about 42 experienced clinical centers is ongoing. To date, Sol-Gel has signed agreements with 39 centers in multiple countries, including the U.S., Germany, Italy, France, and the UK, and approximately 29 of these enters have been activated. Top line results are anticipated in Q2 2026. SGT-610 is atopically applied patidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway blocker 2% gel If approved, SGT-610 is expected to be the first approved product for the prevention of new BCC lesions in Gorlin syndrome patients and is targeting a market exceeding $300 million annually. Sol-Gel’s proof-of-concept study for SGT-210 (topical erlotinib) in patients with Darier disease is ongoing. Darier disease is a significant unmet medical need, with a market potential estimated between $200 to $300 million. If we successfully complete this proof-of-concept study and the required pre-clinical studies, we anticipate filing for a Phase 2 IND in Q2 2025. SGT-210 is currently being used in a compassionate use treatment of a pediatric patient suffering from a rare disease, and given the preliminary highly encouraging response, we are cautiously optimistic about the potential for success in other viable keratoderma indications, recognizing that further research and clinical studies are necessary to validate any broader applications of our therapy. Subject to shareholders approval, Mr. Arkin, the Company’s executive chairman and controlling shareholder, who has several decades of experience in leading positions in the pharmaceutical industry and in the dermatological space in particular, will assume the role of interim CEO as of January 1, 2025. During his tenure as interim CEO, Mr. Arkin plans to transition away from the majority of his other business activities in order to dedicate himself to his new full time position as interim CEO of the Company. Mr. Arkin will not be entitled to any compensation for assuming this position. On July 15, 2024, Sol-Gel announced management realignment whereby pending shareholder approval our CEO Dr. Alon Seri-Levy will step down as CEO and Board member, effective December 31, 2024, and will then continue to serve the Company as a consultant to our new CEO and management team for at least one year. Effective July 12, 2024, Mr. Eyal Ben-Or, the Company's previous Director of Finance, assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Prior to his employment in Sol-Gel Mr. Ben-Or worked at Mobileye and KPMG Israel. Mr. Ben-Or, is a certified public accountant, holds an MBA and a BA in accounting from the College of Management in Israel. Mr. Ben-Or replaces the Company’s previous CFO, Mr. Gilad Mamlok, who will facilitate the transition through December 31, 2024. Mr. Mori Arkin, Executive Chairman of Sol-Gel, stated: "We are encouraged by Sol-Gel’s financial results for the second quarter of 2024 and our ability to extend our cash runway into the first quarter of 2026. We will continue to explore opportunities for non-dilutive funding to potentially further extend our runway through topline results. In our pipeline, we continue to conduct the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of SGT-610 for preventing new basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin Syndrome patients, targeting a market exceeding $300 million, with top line results anticipated in the second quarter of 2026 along with our proof-of-concept study for SGT-210 (topical erlotinib) in Darier disease patients targeting a market of between $200 to $300 million. These two rare disease projects reflect the huge growth potential of a company of our size. The Sol-Gel management team and I are committed to spare no effort to realize this potential." Total revenue in the second quarter was $5.4 million, which primarily consisted of a one-time licensing revenue from Beimei, Galderma and Searchlight, compared to $0.6 million revenues for the same period in 2023. Research and development expenses were $2.4 million compared to $5.3 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease of $2.9 million was primarily attributed to a decrease of $0.7 million in manufacturing expenses related to TWYNEO, a decrease of $0.7 million in clinical development expenses related to a generic product candidate, a decrease of $0.5 million in payroll expenses due to the adoption of cost saving measures initiated during the third quarter of 2023, a decrease of $0.5 related to R&D expenses, a decrease of $0.3 million in clinical trial expenses related to SGT-610 and a decrease of $0.2 in clinical expenses related to SGT-210. General and administrative expenses were $1.4 million compared to $1.8 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease of $0.4 million was mainly attributed to a decrease in professional expenses. Sol-Gel reported a net income of $1.9 million for the second quarter of 2024 and earnings of $0.07 per basic and diluted share, compared to a net loss of $6.0 million and a loss of $0.22 per basic and diluted share for the same period in 2023. As of June 30, 2024, Sol-Gel had $15.6 million in cash, cash equivalents, and deposits and $14.9 million in marketable securities for a total balance of $30.5 million. The Company expects its cash resources to fund cash requirements into the first quarter of 2026. TWYNEO is a topical cream containing a fixed-dose combination of tretinoin, 0.1%, and benzoyl peroxide, 3%, cream for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults and pediatric patients 9 years of age and older. TWYNEO is the first acne treatment that contains a fixed-dose combination of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin. Tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide are widely prescribed separately for acne vulgaris; however, benzoyl peroxide causes degradation of the tretinoin molecule, thereby potentially reducing its effectiveness if used at the same time or combined in the same formulation. TWYNEO uses silica (silicon dioxide) core shell structures to separately micro-encapsulate tretinoin crystals and benzoyl peroxide crystals enabling inclusion of the two active ingredients in the cream. EPSOLAY is a topical cream containing benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 5%, for the treatment of bumps and blemishes (inflammatory lesions) of rosacea in adults. EPSOLAY utilizes a proprietary, patented technology to encapsulate BPO within silica-based microcapsules to create a barrier between the medication and the skin. The silica-based shell is designed to slowly release BPO over time to provide a tolerable and effective treatment. SGT-610, a hedgehog signaling pathway blocker, has the potential to be the first ever treatment for prevention of BCCs in Gorlin syndrome patients, if approved. Gorlin syndrome, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 27,000-31,000 people in the U.S., is mostly caused by inheritance of one defective copy of the tumor suppressor patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) gene. Normally, the PTCH1 gene blocks the smoothened, frizzle class receptor (SMO) gene, turning off the hedgehog signaling pathway when it is not needed. Mutations in the PTCH1 gene may cause a loss of PTCH1 function, release of SMO, and may allow BCC tumor cells to divide uncontrollably. Patidegib, the active substance in SGT-610, is designed to block the SMO signal, thus, allowing cells to function normally and reducing the production of new tumors. SGT-210 is a topical erlotinib drug candidate that is formulated for the treatment of Darier Disease and other hyperkeratosis-related indications. Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor that acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor, a protein present on cell surfaces that plays a key role in promoting cell growth and division. Darier Disease is a rare, genetic keratinization disorder which is classically characterized scaly crusted papules in a seborrheic distribution and in skin folds. Sol-Gel Technologies, Ltd. is a dermatology company focused on identifying, developing and commercializing or partnering drug products to treat skin diseases. Sol-Gel developed TWYNEO which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults and pediatric patients nine years of age and older; and EPSOLAY, which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea in adults. The Company’s pipeline also includes Phase 3 clinical trial of Orphan and breakthrough drug candidate SGT-610, which is a new topical hedgehog inhibitor being developed to prevent the new basal cell carcinoma lesions in patients with Gorlin syndrome that is expected to have an improved safety profile compared to oral hedgehog inhibitors as well as topical drug candidate SGT-210 under investigation for the treatment of rare hyper keratinization disorders. The content above comes from the network. if any infringement, please contact us to modify.

Following recent transactions and cost-cutting efforts, Sol-Gel’s cash runway is expected to extend into the first quarter of 2026Ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial of SGT-610 for Gorlin Syndrome with over 30 clinical sites activated; Top-line results are expected by the second quarter of 2026SGT-210 proof-of-concept study in patients suffering from Darier disease, a significant unmet medical need in dermatology, is ongoingSol-Gel sells its rights in the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) drug product generic to Zoryve® Cream (roflumilast cream 0.3%)Following management realignment, Mr. Mori Arkin, the Company’s executive chairman and controlling shareholder to be appointed as Company’s interim CEO as of January 1, 2025, subject to shareholders approvalSol-Gel recently signed license agreements with respect to TWYNEO and EPSOLAY in Europe and South Africa and is negotiating additional license deals in Latin America and other territories NESS ZIONA, Israel, Aug. 17, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Sol-Gel Technologies, Ltd. (NASDAQ: SLGL), a dermatology company, pioneering treatments for patients with severe skin conditions, conducting a Phase-3 clinical trial of SGT-610 (patidegib gel, 2%) for Gorlin syndrome, and with two approved large-category dermatology products, TWYNEO® and EPSOLAY®, today announced financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2024, and provided a corporate update. Q2 2024 and Recent Corporate Developments On August 15, 2024, Sol-Gel signed a new agreement with Padagis, which replaces the parties’ prior collaborative agreement for the development and commercialization of a drug product generic to Zoryve® Cream (roflumilast cream 0.3%). Under this new agreement, Sol-Gel is to unconditionally receive quarterly payments which will be paid over 24 months and low single digit royalties from gross profits from sales of roflumilast cream for a period of five years, in lieu of its 50% share in future gross profits from such sales. In addition, Sol-Gel will cease paying any outstanding and future costs related to this prior collaborative agreement. The amount to be received by Padagis together with the elimination of future expected expenses related to this asset is expected to enhance our cash position by approximately $6 million.Recognizing that TWYNEO and EPSOLAY have a significant commercial potential also outside the U.S., during July 2024, Sol-Gel has successfully signed six initial license agreements with key partners covering most European countries and South Africa. Sol-Gel expects to sign additional agreements covering the majority of Latin American countries, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain, Italy and Portugal. These already signed agreements together with agreements we anticipate to sign in the future, are expected to provide upfront and regulatory milestone payments of up to $3.7 million, which we expect to utilize on adapting TWYNEO and EPSOLAY to the regulatory requirements of these new territories. Based on the forecasts received from Sol-Gel’s current and potential partners, Sol-Gel expects that TWYNEO and EPSOLAY will launch in the majority of these new territories in 2027 and 2026 respectively, and following launch these transactions are anticipated to provide Sol-Gel with an annual royalty revenue stream starting with approximately $1 million to $2 million in 2026 and growing gradually to approximately up to $10 million for the year 2030 and further.The Phase 3 study in Sol-Gel’s key asset SGT-610 in approximately 140 subjects (with 100 subjects required to complete the Study), at about 42 experienced clinical centers is ongoing. To date, Sol-Gel has signed agreements with 39 centers in multiple countries, including the U.S., Germany, Italy, France, and the UK, and approximately 29 of these enters have been activated. Top line results are anticipated in Q2 2026. SGT-610 is a topically applied patidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway blocker 2% gel If approved, SGT-610 is expected to be the first approved product for the prevention of new BCC lesions in Gorlin syndrome patients and is targeting a market exceeding $300 million annually. Sol-Gel’s proof-of-concept study for SGT-210 (topical erlotinib) in patients with Darier disease is ongoing. Darier disease is a significant unmet medical need, with a market potential estimated between $200 million to $300 million. If we successfully complete this proof-of-concept study and the required pre-clinical studies, we anticipate filing for a Phase 2 IND in Q2 2025. SGT-210 is currently being used in a compassionate use treatment of a pediatric patient suffering from a rare disease, and given the preliminary highly encouraging response,we are cautiously optimistic about the potential for success in other viable keratoderma indications, recognizing that further research and clinical studies are necessary to validate any broader applications of our therapy. Subject to shareholder approval, Mr. Arkin, the Company’s Executive Chairman and controlling shareholder, who has several decades of experience in leading positions in the pharmaceutical industry and in the dermatological space in particular, will assume the role of interim CEO as of January 1, 2025. During his tenure as interim CEO, Mr. Arkin plans to transition away from the majority of his other business activities in order to dedicate himself to his new full-time position as interim CEO of the Company. Mr. Arkin will not be entitled to any compensation for assuming this position. On July 15, 2024, Sol-Gel announced management realignment whereby pending shareholder approval our CEO Dr. Alon Seri-Levy will step down as CEO and Board Member, effective December 31, 2024,and will then continue to serve the Company as a consultant to our new CEO and management team for at least one year.Effective July 12, 2024, Mr. Eyal Ben-Or, the Company's previous Director of Finance, assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Prior to his employment in Sol-Gel Mr. Ben-Or worked at Mobileye and KPMG Israel. Mr. Ben-Or, is a certified public accountant, holds an MBA and a BA in accounting from the College of Management in Israel. Mr. Ben-Or replacesthe Company’s previous CFO, Mr. Gilad Mamlok, who will facilitate the transition through December 31, 2024. Mr. Mori Arkin, Executive Chairman of Sol-Gel, stated: "We are encouraged by Sol-Gel’s financial results for the second quarter of 2024 and our ability to extend our cash runway into the first quarter of 2026. We will continue to explore opportunities for non-dilutive funding to potentially further extend our runway through topline results. In our pipeline, we continue to conduct the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of SGT-610 for preventing new basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin Syndrome patients, targeting a market exceeding $300 million, with top line results anticipated in the second quarter of 2026 along with our proof-of-concept study for SGT-210 (topical erlotinib) in Darier disease patients targeting a market of between $200 million to $300 million. These two rare disease projects reflect the huge growth potential of a company of our size. The Sol-Gel management team and I are committed to spare no effort to realize this potential". Financial Results for the Second Quarter 2024 Total revenue in the second quarter was $5.4 million, which primarily consisted of licensing revenue from Beimei, Galderma and Searchlight, compared to $0.6 million revenues for the same period in 2023. Research and development expenses were $2.4 million compared to $5.3 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease of $2.9 million was primarily attributed to a decrease of $0.7 million in manufacturing expenses related to TWYNEO, a decrease of $0.7 million in clinical development expenses related to a generic product candidate, a decrease of $0.5 million in payroll expenses due to the adoption of cost saving measures initiated during the third quarter of 2023, a decrease of $0.5 million related to R&D expenses, a decrease of $0.3 million in clinical trial expenses related to SGT-610 and a decrease of $0.2 million in clinical expenses related to SGT-210. General and administrative expenses were $1.4 million compared to $1.8 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease of $0.4 million was mainly attributed to a decrease in professional expenses. Sol-Gel reported a net income of $1.9 million for the second quarter of 2024 and earnings of $0.07 per basic and diluted share, compared to a net loss of $6.0 million and a loss of $0.22 per basic and diluted share for the same period in 2023. As of June 30, 2024, Sol-Gel had $15.6 million in cash, cash equivalents, and deposits and $14.9 million in marketable securities for a total balance of $30.5 million. The Company expects its cash resources to fund cash requirements into the first quarter of 2026. About TWYNEO and EPSOLAY TWYNEO is a topical cream containing a fixed-dose combination of tretinoin, 0.1%, and benzoyl peroxide, 3%, cream for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults and pediatric patients 9 years of age and older. TWYNEO is the first acne treatment that contains a fixed-dose combination of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin. Tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide are widely prescribed separately for acne vulgaris; however, benzoyl peroxide causes degradation of the tretinoin molecule, thereby potentially reducing its effectiveness if used at the same time or combined in the same formulation. TWYNEO uses silica (silicon dioxide) core shell structures to separately micro-encapsulate tretinoin crystals and benzoyl peroxide crystals enabling inclusion of the two active ingredients in the cream. EPSOLAY is a topical cream containing benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 5%, for the treatment of bumps and blemishes (inflammatory lesions) of rosacea in adults. EPSOLAY utilizes a proprietary, patented technology to encapsulate BPO within silica-based microcapsules to create a barrier between the medication and the skin. The silica-based shell is designed to slowly release BPO over time to provide a tolerable and effective treatment. About Gorlin Syndrome and SGT-610 SGT-610, a hedgehog signaling pathway blocker, has the potential to be the first ever treatment for prevention of BCCs in Gorlin syndrome patients, if approved. Gorlin syndrome, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 27,000-31,000 people in the U.S., is mostly caused by inheritance of one defective copy of the tumor suppressor patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) gene. Normally, the PTCH1 gene blocks the smoothened, frizzle class receptor (SMO) gene, turning off the hedgehog signaling pathway when it is not needed. Mutations in the PTCH1 gene may cause a loss of PTCH1 function, release of SMO, and may allow BCC tumor cells to divide uncontrollably. Patidegib, the active substance in SGT-610, is designed to block the SMO signal, thus, allowing cells to function normally and reducing the production of new tumors. About Darier Disease and SGT-210 SGT-210 is a topical erlotinib drug candidate that is formulated for the treatment of Darier Disease and other hyperkeratosis-related indications. Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor that acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor, a protein present on cell surfaces that plays a key role in promoting cell growth and division. Darier Disease is a rare, genetic keratinization disorder which is classically characterized scaly crusted papules in a seborrheic distribution and in skin folds. About Sol-Gel Technologies Sol-Gel Technologies, Ltd. is a dermatology company focused on identifying, developing and commercializing or partnering drug products to treat skin diseases. Sol-Gel developed TWYNEO which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults and pediatric patients nine years of age and older; and EPSOLAY, which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea in adults. The Company’s pipeline also includes Phase 3 clinical trial of Orphan and breakthrough drug candidate SGT-610, which is a new topical hedgehog inhibitor being developed to prevent the new basal cell carcinoma lesions in patients with Gorlin syndrome that is expected to have an improved safety profile compared to oral hedgehog inhibitors as well as topical drug candidate SGT-210 under investigation for the treatment of rare hyper keratinization disorders. For additional information, please visit our new website: www.sol-gel.com Forward Looking Statements This press release contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained in this press release that do not relate to matters of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to the amounts to be received under our current and future licensing agreements and our agreement with Padagis with respect to the generic drug product to Zoryve® Cream (roflumilast cream, 0.3%), the out-licensing Twyneo and Epsolay in additional territories, our expected cash runway, the expected royalties amounts to be received from Galderma, the potential of Sol-Gel’s assets including Twyneo, Epsolay, SGT-610, and SGT-210, the timeline for advancing SGT-610 and SGT-210, and the size of SGT-610’s market. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential,” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on information we have when those statements are made or our management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, our ability to enter into further collaborations, lower than anticipated annual revenue income from new collaborations, a delay in the timing of our clinical trials, the success of our clinical trials, and an increase in our anticipated costs and expenses, as well as the following factors: (i) the adequacy of our financial and other resources, particularly in light of our history of recurring losses and the uncertainty regarding the adequacy of our liquidity to pursue our complete business objectives; (ii) our ability to complete the development of our product candidates; (iii) our ability to find suitable co-development partners; (iv) our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in our target markets, the potential delay in receiving such regulatory approvals and the possibility of adverse regulatory or legal actions relating to our product candidates even if regulatory approval is obtained; (v) our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our pharmaceutical product candidates; (vi) our ability to obtain and maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property; (vii) our collaborators’ ability to manufacture our product candidates in commercial quantities, at an adequate quality or at an acceptable cost; (viii) our collaborators’ ability to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution channels; (ix) acceptance of our product candidates by healthcare professionals and patients; (x) the possibility that we may face third-party claims of intellectual property infringement; (xi) the timing and results of clinical trials that we may conduct or that our competitors and others may conduct relating to our or their products; (xii) intense competition in our industry, with competitors having substantially greater financial, technological, research and development, regulatory and clinical, manufacturing, marketing and sales, distribution and personnel resources than we do; (xiii) potential product liability claims; (xiv) potential adverse federal, state and local government regulation in the United States, China, Europe or Israel; and (xv) loss or retirement of key executives and research scientists; (xvi) general market, political and economic conditions in the countries in which the Company operates; and, (xvii) the current war between Israel and Hamas and any deterioration of the war in Israel into a broader regional conflict involving Israel with other parties. These factors and other important factors discussed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 13, 2024, and our other reports filed with the SEC, could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements made in this press release. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in this press release. Sol-Gel Contact:Eyal Ben-OrChief Financial Officerinfo@sol-gel.com+972-8-9313429 Source: Sol-Gel Technologies Ltd. SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGIES LTD.CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)(Unaudited) December 31, June 30, 2023 2024 Assets CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents$7,513 $11,549Bank deposits 10,012 4,012Marketable securities 20,471 14,912Accounts receivables 377 6,059Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,794 1,750TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 41,167 38,282 NON-CURRENT ASSETS: Restricted long-term deposits and cash equivalents 1,284 1,273Property and equipment, net 434 305Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,721 1,507Other long-term assets 55 34Funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement 626 604TOTAL NON-CURRENT ASSETS 4,120 3,723TOTAL ASSETS$45,287 $42,005Liabilities and shareholders' equity CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable$154 $679Other accounts payable 3,921 4,147Current maturities of operating leases 447 376TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 4,522 5,202 LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Operating leases liabilities 1,206 1,018Liability for employee rights upon retirement 915 883TOTAL LONG-TERM LIABILITIES 2,121 1,901TOTAL LIABILITIES 6,643 7,103 SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY: Ordinary Shares, NIS 0.1 par value – authorized: 50,000,000 as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024; issued and outstanding: 27,857,620 as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. 774 774Additional paid-in capital 258,173 258,799Accumulated deficit (220,303) (224,671)TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY 38,644 34,902TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY$45,287 $42,005 SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGIES LTD.CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)(Unaudited) Six months endedThree months ended June 30 June 30 2023 2024 2023 2024REVENUE$894 $5,899 $594 $5,433RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES 14,698 7,783 5,312 2,438GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES 3,786 3,203 1,809 1,371OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)$(17,590) $(5,087) $(6,527) $1,624FINANCIAL INCOME, net 899 719 557 352NET INCOME (LOSS) FOR THE PERIOD$(16,691) $(4,368) $(5,970) $1,976BASIC AND DILUTED EARNINGS (LOSS) PER ORDINARY SHARE$(0.63) $(0.16) $(0.22) $0.07WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING USED IN COMPUTATION OF BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE 26,306,484 27,857,620 27,660,326 27,857,620