HER2 Positive Colorectal Cancer

摘要：抗体-药物偶联物（ADCs）已成为一类有前景的抗癌药物。目前，食品药品监督管理局已批准12种化合物，其中2种后来被撤回。此外，还有几种其他化合物目前正在不同的临床开发阶段。尽管在不同类型的肿瘤中观察到显著的抗肿瘤活性，但不良事件和耐药性的发展在它们的使用中代表了重大挑战。在过去几年中，越来越多的临床试验一直在测试这些药物与其他抗癌药物的不同组合，例如传统化疗、免疫检查点抑制剂、单克隆抗体和小分子靶向药物，报告了基于可能的协同效应和在不同类型的肿瘤中改善治疗结果的潜力的有希望的结果。在这里，我们将回顾ADCs与其他抗肿瘤药物的组合，旨在描述当前的最新技术和未来的发展方向。 1.引言 抗体-药物偶联物（ADCs）是抗癌药物中发展最快的类别之一。在过去的几年中，已有几种ADCs被批准作为癌症治疗的单药疗法（见表1和2），还有许多其他药物目前正在临床开发中。 ADCs由三个主要成分组成：单克隆抗体（mAb）、连接子和细胞毒素药物（也称为有效载荷）（见图1）。有效载荷通过连接子与mAb连接。一旦mAb组分与其目标抗原结合，抗原-ADC复合物就会被肿瘤细胞内化，并且在肿瘤部位投递和释放有效载荷。目前，连接子被分类为可切割和不可切割。在可切割连接子中，存在不同程度的稳定性：不太稳定的连接子在被切割时可能会触发旁观者效应，释放远离目标肿瘤细胞的有效载荷，导致邻近细胞的破坏。不可切割连接子在循环中稳定，在内部化后响应溶酶体酶释放有效载荷。考虑到旁观者效应被认为是ADC活性的重要组成部分，优化连接子稳定性对ADC效果至关重要。三种组分在血液中的比例因使用的连接子类型和分子的整体完整性而异。 图1. 抗体-药物偶联物（ADC）的特异性。不同组分和特异性的ADC的图形表示。每个ADC都因其靶点、有效载荷和连接体的不同而与其他ADC不同。它可以与不同的药物结合。BCMA：B细胞成熟抗原；EGFR：表皮生长因子受体；HER2：人类表皮生长因子受体2；FRα：叶酸受体α；Trop-2：滋养层细胞表面抗原-2；MMAE：单甲基奥瑞他汀E；MMAF：单甲基奥瑞他汀F。 尽管最初有效，但肿瘤细胞最终会对ADCs产生抗性，限制了它们的使用。已经描述了几种抗性机制，包括抗原水平的变化（如表达改变或突变）、内吞作用机制和囊泡运输的变化、溶酶体活性缺陷（pH、蛋白酶）、促凋亡和抗凋亡因子的不平衡、信号通路的改变、药物外排泵活性增加。为了克服抗性，正在积极研究几种策略，包括改进ADC组分，如改变细胞毒素剂，以减少外排泵的亲和力，改变连接子，使用双特异性或双表位ADCs，以及开发组合策略。与其他抗癌药物的组合策略被视为提高ADCs效果和克服抗性的潜在方法，最终改善治疗结果。理想的组合应该是与以协同方式促进抗肿瘤效果的药物，同时具有最小的重叠毒性。迄今为止，ADCs与其他药物的组合主要在血液恶性肿瘤领域获得批准（见表3）。其中，brentuximab vedotin（BV）和polatuzumab vedotin（PV）已与化疗药物和利妥昔单抗联合开发，用于治疗各种类型的B细胞和T细胞淋巴瘤。此外，gemtuzumab ozogamicin（GO）与化疗联合已获批准用于治疗急性髓系白血病（AML）。最近，enfortumab vedotin（EV）和pembrolizumab的组合已获得食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准，用于治疗局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌（la/mUC），与标准护理相比，这种组合显示了改善的总生存期（OS）。 尽管已有这些批准，但仍有很大的改进空间，并且有许多正在进行的试验正在评估ADCs与各种抗癌药物的组合。在研究最多的组合中，与化疗的组合经常面临毒性的挑战，这可能取决于非靶向毒性，但也取决于ADC的特性，如可切割连接子的存在和高药物-抗体比率。另一方面，尽管许多临床试验评估了与免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）的组合，但只有上述EV与pembrolizumab的组合显示了与之前标准疗法相比的OS益处。最后，双重ADC靶向剂阻断可以提高治疗效果的假设仍然很有趣，特别是随着新一代ADCs的发展。在这里，我们将回顾ADCs与其他抗癌药物组合的主要临床结果。 2.临床开发中的组合：ADCs与化疗的组合 ADCs所释放的细胞毒素有效载荷与化疗药物之间的协同作用来自于对肿瘤细胞的双重细胞毒素影响，类似于使用具有不同作用机制的药物的传统化疗组合。这种方法旨在防止通常与单一药物治疗相关的抗性发展。然而，将ADCs与细胞毒素药物结合存在挑战，主要是由于重叠毒性的风险。理想的化疗伴侣应该能够增强效果而不是增加毒性。深入理解细胞周期以及不同药物作用的阶段，以及了解化疗如何影响表面抗原表达的调节，可能有助于决定要开发的组合。目前正在开发多种ADCs与细胞毒素药物的组合，用于实体瘤和血液恶性肿瘤的治疗。某些组合已经获得批准，用于治疗淋巴瘤和白血病（见表3）。在以下段落中，我们将概述ADCs与化疗组合的主要临床发现（见表S1）。 2.1.ADCs 作为单一药物与化疗联合使用的批准：临床试验的主要结果 2.1.1.Gemtuzumab ozogamicin （GO）是一种通过可切割连接子与一种细胞毒素抗生素卡利奇霉素衍生物相连的重组单克隆抗体，靶向CD33抗原。2000年5月，FDA加速批准了GO用于治疗不适合常规化疗的CD33阳性复发性急性髓系白血病（AML）患者。然而，III期SWOG S0106试验发现，将GO添加到化疗[柔红霉素和阿糖胞苷（DA）]中与单独化疗相比，在结果上没有统计学上显著差异，并且组合臂的死亡率更高。基于这些结果，2010年6月，辉瑞自愿从市场上撤回了GO。尽管如此，GO在III期ALFA-0701试验中与DA一起使用替代的分次剂量计划进行了进一步评估，并在II期AML-19试验中作为单药治疗。在ALFA-0701试验中，将较低分次剂量的GO与化疗结合使用，结果显示无事件生存期（EFS）和总生存期（OS）有显著改善，尽管GO组中3级（G3）或更高不良事件（AEs）的频率更高（主要是感染和皮肤毒性）。基于这些结果，GO在2017年被FDA重新批准，与DA或作为单药治疗用于治疗CD33阳性新诊断的AML患者。2020年6月，基于AAML0531试验的结果，该批准被扩展到儿科人群，该试验表明与单独化疗相比，接受GO和化疗组合治疗的患者有更好的结果。其他研究还探讨了GO与其他化疗方案在AML患者中的组合，如阿糖胞苷和米托蒽醌以及高剂量阿糖胞苷、米托蒽醌和全反式维甲酸。此外，正在进行的研究正在探索GO、米托蒽醌和依托泊苷（NCT03839446）以及脂质体阿糖胞苷-柔红霉素（NCT05558124）对同一患者群体的联合应用。 2.1.2.Brentuximab vedotin （BV）是一种抗CD30单克隆抗体，通过蛋白酶可切割连接子与抗有丝分裂细胞毒素单体auristatin-E（MMAE）相连。基于其已证明的临床疗效和对霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）和间变性大细胞淋巴瘤患者的批准，BV进一步与其他治疗方案联合进行了研究。在涉及未经治疗的HL患者的I期试验中，BV与标准ABVD（多柔比星-博来霉素-长春新碱-氮烯咪胺）方案或修改后的AVD（不含博来霉素的ABVD）方案联合进行了评估。结果显示，完全缓解（CR）率相当，但ABVD臂的G3不良事件（AEs）率显著更高，特别是肺毒性。基于这些结果，得出结论BV不应在含有博来霉素的方案如ABVD中使用。III期ECHELON-1研究比较了BV加AVD与标准ABVD方案在以前未经治疗的III期或IV期HL患者中的疗效。实验臂与ABVD组相比，在无进展生存期（PFS）和OS率方面有所提高，并且安全性可控。基于这些结果，2018年3月，FDA批准了BV与AVD的组合用于治疗以前未经治疗的III/IV期HL。BV加化疗与单独化疗相比的优越性也在以前未经治疗的外周T细胞淋巴瘤（PTCL）患者中得到证明。在III期ECHELON-2试验中，标准CHOP（环磷酰胺-多柔比星-长春新碱-泼尼松）方案与实验臂BV加CHP（由于与BV的神经毒性重叠，省略了长春新碱的修改CHOP）进行了比较，实验臂在PFS和OS方面都有所提高，G3或更高AEs的发生率相似。这种组合已在2018年11月获得FDA批准。2022年11月，治疗中出现了一个重大进展，FDA批准了涉及BV的第三种组合与化疗。这一批准代表了对2岁以上以前未经治疗的高风险经典HL（cHL）儿科患者的可用治疗选择的显著补充。III期AHOD1331研究表明，与标准ABVE-PC（多柔比星-博来霉素-长春新碱-依托泊苷-泼尼松-环磷酰胺）臂相比，BV与多柔比星、长春新碱、依托泊苷、泼尼松和环磷酰胺的组合有更优越的结果。目前正在进行许多其他试验，探索与血液恶性肿瘤的不同化疗方案的组合。一项包括1500名患者的大型III期试验比较了新组合方案BrECADD（BV加到依托泊苷、环磷酰胺、多柔比星、氮烯咪胺、地塞米松）与强化BEACOPP（博来霉素-依托泊苷-多柔比星-长春新碱-丙卡巴肼-泼尼松）方案在新诊断的高风险HL患者中的效果。初步结果表明新方案不逊色。 2.1.3.Polatuzumab vedotin Polatuzumab vedotin（PV）由一种抗CD79b单克隆抗体通过可切割连接子与MMAE相连。PV作为单药并未获得批准，但在2019年6月，基于一项Ib/II期试验的结果，该试验比较了其与苯达莫司汀和利妥昔单抗的疗效和安全性，PV获得了FDA的批准，用于治疗复发或难治性（R/R）弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）患者的治疗。在不同的淋巴瘤亚型中，与其他化疗组合中，最显著的是III期POLARIX试验，该试验比较了R-CHP与标准R-CHOP方案在未经治疗的DLBCL患者中的组合。实验臂在PFS方面有所获益，OS率相似。这项研究促成了2023年4月FDA批准PV-R-CHP组合用于未经治疗的DLBCL，未另行规定（NOS）或高级别B细胞淋巴瘤（HGBL）的治疗。 2.1.4.Inotuzumab ozogamicin Inotuzumab ozogamicin（INO），一种通过可切割连接子与卡利奇霉素有效载荷相连的抗CD22抗体，基于III期IN-NOVATE试验的结果，获得了FDA批准，作为单药用于治疗R/R B细胞前体急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）患者。一项单臂II期试验研究了INO与mini-hyper CVD（环磷酰胺-长春新碱-甲氨蝶呤-阿糖胞苷）联合使用，有无blinatumomab，在B细胞ALL患者中的疗效。它在OS方面显示出有希望的疗效，并且在加入blinatumomab的臂中，生存结果更加有利。在带有费城染色体阴性B细胞ALL的老年患者（≥60岁）亚组中，超过70%的患者经历了G3-4血液学毒性。因此，需要进一步调整和改进组合方案，以提高耐受性。其他研究评估了INO与各种化疗药物联合使用的疗效和安全性。 2.1.5.Trastuzumab emtansine Trastuzumab emtansine（T-DM1）是一种ADC，它通过不可切割连接子将针对人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）的人源化单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗与美登素毒素-DM1结合起来。它成为了第一个获得批准用于实体恶性肿瘤治疗的ADC，基于III期EMILIA试验，该试验包括晚期乳腺癌（BC）患者，并与拉帕替尼加卡培他滨相比，在PFS和OS方面有所获益。在KATHERINE研究的结果之后，T-DM1也获得了批准，用于新辅助治疗后仍有残留疾病的HER2阳性BC患者，并已在其他HER2阳性实体肿瘤中进行了评估。T-DM1与化疗方案（如多西他赛和卡培他滨）的组合治疗没有带来任何改善，并与增加的毒性相关。II期TRAXHER2试验评估了T-DM1与卡培他滨联合使用与单独T-DM1在转移性BC（mBC）患者中的疗效和安全性。组合臂的患者经历了更高频率的G3-4 AEs，而在临床结果上没有任何显著益处。在两项Ib/IIa期研究中，也证明了由于重叠毒性导致的AEs增加，这些研究评估了T-DM1与多西他赛和紫杉醇，有无帕妥珠单抗，在mBC或局部晚期BC（LABC）患者中的组合。虽然这种联合用药显示出显著的临床活性，但由于不良事件（AEs）的发生，其临床应用受到限制，导致频繁的剂量减少和中断。因此，需要寻找一个可以安全与T-DM1联合使用的不同的搭档。一个有前途的潜在组合可能涉及吉西他滨，它已被证明可以在胰腺导管腺癌细胞和乳腺癌细胞中上调HER2的表达。目前，没有正在进行的临床试验评估这种组合。 2.1.6.Trastuzumab deruxtecan Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) 是一种由抗HER2单克隆抗体和拓扑异构酶I抑制剂exatecan衍生物DXd组成的抗体-药物偶联物（ADC）。T-DXd已获得FDA批准，用于治疗HER2阳性和HER2低表达的转移性乳腺癌（mBC）患者以及HER2阳性胃腺癌患者。此外，FDA还加速批准了T-DXd用于治疗转移性HER2突变非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC），并授予其突破性疗法认定，用于治疗HER2阳性转移性结直肠癌（mCRC）和晚期HER2阳性实体瘤患者。目前正在进行的临床试验正在研究T-DXd的组合。I/IIb期Destiny-Breast07试验正在探索各种方案，包括T-DXd与紫杉醇的组合，用于HER2阳性mBC患者。另外，另一项Ib期研究Destiny-Breast08将评估五种不同的方案，结合T-DXd与卡培他滨、阿那曲唑和氟维司群在HER2低表达mBC患者中的组合。涉及T-DXd和化疗的治疗组合的研究不仅限于乳腺癌。在晚期HER2阳性胃癌中，Ib/II期Destiny-Gastric03试验目前正在评估T-DXd与细胞毒性化疗药物[5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）、卡培他滨、奥沙利铂]和/或免疫治疗药物的组合。 2.1.7.Mirvetuximab soravtansine Mirvetuximab soravtansine（MIRV）是一种由人源化叶酸受体α（FRα）靶向单克隆抗体连接到通过抑制微管动力学诱导有丝分裂停滞的maytansinoid DM4的ADC。根据III期SORAYA试验的结果，FDA授予MIRV优先审查，并在2022年11月加速批准用于治疗表达FRα的铂类耐药上皮性卵巢癌患者。MIRV已在一项Ib期试验中与卡铂联合用于铂类敏感、复发性卵巢癌患者。该组合显示出临床活性和可管理的安全性概况。 2.2.未批准的ADC与化疗的组合 2.2.1.Anetumab ravtansine Anetumab ravtansine（AR）是一种由完全人IgG1抗间皮素单克隆抗体通过可裂解连接子连接到微管抑制剂DM4的ADC，已在体外研究中显示出对表达间皮素的肿瘤（如间皮瘤、胰腺癌、NSCLC和卵巢癌）具有高细胞毒性活性。在晚期或转移性实体瘤患者中显示出令人鼓舞的临床活性，特别是在间皮瘤患者中。Ib期试验的结果表明，与聚乙二醇化脂质体多柔比星的组合在铂类耐药卵巢癌患者中显示出临床活性和耐受性。 2.2.2.Depatuxizumab mafodotin Depatuxizumab mafodotin（Depatux-M）是一种针对表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）的ADC。它由人源化重组单克隆抗体ABT-806组成，通过不可裂解连接子连接到抗微管剂单甲基奥瑞他汀F（MMAF）。在II期INTELLANCE 2试验中，研究了Depatux-M和替莫唑胺（TMZ）的组合用于复发性EGFR扩增的胶质母细胞瘤患者。这项研究比较了单独使用Depatux-M或与TMZ联合使用与单独使用洛莫司汀或TMZ。组合臂与对照臂相比显示出改善的OS，表明潜在的临床益处。Depatux-M臂中最常见的不良事件是可逆的角膜上皮病变G3-4。意大利神经肿瘤协会进行的多中心研究进一步研究了这种组合治疗在复发性胶质母细胞瘤患者中的应用，并报告了类似的结果。然而，需要进行更大规模的前瞻性研究以确认其有效性并进一步探索其安全性。目前没有正在进行的研究。 2.2.3.Lorvotuzumab mertansine Lorvotuzumab mertansine（LM）是一种通过可裂解连接子连接到maytansinoid DM1的人源化抗CD56单克隆抗体。在一项I/II期试验中，它与卡铂和依托泊苷联合使用，与单独使用卡铂和依托泊苷进行了比较。这项研究涉及未经治疗的广泛期小细胞肺癌患者，但在安全性和有效性方面都取得了令人失望的结果。该药物不再开发，没有正在进行的LM研究。 3.在临床开发中的组合：ADC与ICIs的结合 开发ADC与ICIs组合的基本原理在于它们互补的免疫调节效应。ADC针对特定的肿瘤抗原，并可能增强肿瘤抗原呈递和T细胞浸润，这种效应可以由ICIs补充。在临床前和早期临床研究中探索了许多ADC与ICIs的组合。FDA最近批准EV与pembrolizumab联合用于la/mUC患者，标志着新组合开发的重要里程碑。这里我们将回顾评估ADC与ICIs组合疗法的临床试验（表S2）。 3.1.作为单一药物批准的ADC与ICI的组合：临床试验的主要结果 3.1.1.Enfortumab vedotin EV是一种针对Nectin-4的ADC，由完全人源化单克隆抗体连接到MMAE。它在预先治疗过的la/mUC患者中作为单药治疗显示出生存益处，并在2023年12月与pembrolizumab联合获得FDA批准。组合的有效性依赖于EV触发免疫原性细胞死亡和增强T细胞浸润的能力。Pembrolizumab进一步增强了抗肿瘤免疫反应，补充了EV的作用。批准基于EV-302/KN-A39试验的结果，该试验证明了与基于顺铂的化疗相比，接受EV和pembrolizumab治疗的la/mUC患者的PFS和OS有显著改善，确认EV与pembrolizumab作为一线la/mUC的新标准治疗。进一步扩大EV组合的临床探索，VOLGA试验（NCT04960709）评估其与durvalumab和tremelimumab在新辅助和辅助设置中的组合，在肌肉浸润性BC（MIBC）患者中。这项试验针对不符合顺铂基础化疗条件的患者群体，解决了MIBC管理中的一个重要未满足需求。基本原理是利用EV诱导免疫原性细胞死亡的能力与两种ICIs的免疫调节效应相结合。这旨在改善手术前的疾病控制并延迟复发。 3.1.2.Brentuximab vedotin BV与ICIs的组合已成为几项临床试验的焦点。I/II期试验CheckMate 436评估了BV与nivolumab在R/R原发性纵隔B细胞淋巴瘤（PMBL）患者中的组合。这项试验显示了显著的抗肿瘤活性和可管理的安全性概况，强调了BV与nivolumab的疗效和安全性。此外，BV还在另一项涉及R/R HL患者的I/II期研究中进行了检查，与ipilimumab、nivolumab或两者联合使用。这些组合显示出高度活性，并保持了普遍有利的安全性概况，随访报告表明PFS方面的益处。目前，正在进行的II期和III期试验（NCT04561206, NCT03138499）旨在进一步评估nivolumab与BV的组合。此外，还进行了一项涉及BV和pembrolizumab的小队列研究，作为对10例R/R HL患者的单中心回顾性分析。该研究在客观反应率（ORR）和完全代谢反应率方面揭示了令人印象深刻的结果，以及快速的最佳反应时间中位数。正在进行的II期临床试验（NCT04609566）将评估这种组合在先前程序性细胞死亡1（PD-1）抑制剂进展后的转移性实体瘤患者中的疗效和安全性。其他研究也在进行中，评估BV和pembrolizumab在R/R HL、R/R T细胞淋巴瘤和复发性PTCL中的组合（NCT05180097, NCT05313243, NCT04795869）。 3.1.3.Trastuzumab emtansine 基于T-DM1可能引发抗肿瘤免疫并使肿瘤细胞对ICIs敏感的证据，该药物已在各种临床试验中与atezolizumab和pembrolizumab联合评估。2期KATE2试验评估了T-DM1与atezolizumab在先前治疗过的HER2阳性晚期BC患者中的组合。尽管它没有显示出整体人群PFS的显著改善，但亚组分析表明PD-L1阳性肿瘤患者有PFS优势。这些发现导致了III期KATE3试验（NCT04740918）的启动，重点关注HER2阳性和PD-L1阳性LABC/mBC患者。此外，一项Ib期试验研究了atezolizumab与T-DM1在HER2阳性早期BC（eBC）、LABC或mBC中的组合，显示出可接受的安全性概况，以及与mBC相比，eBC肿瘤中增强的适应性免疫反应。在另一项研究中，调查了T-DM1和pembrolizumab在HER2阳性mBC患者中的组合，该方案显示出临床活性并且耐受性良好。然而，由于队列样本量小，生物标志物分析受到限制，需要进行更大规模的研究以确定反应的预测标记。 3.1.4.Trastuzumab deruxtecan 在BC患者中进行的II期DESTINY-Breast01和III期DESTINY-Breast04试验的结果，以及来自临床前模型的数据，正在研究新的组合策略，将T-DXd和ICIs纳入HER2表达肿瘤。一项Ib期研究评估了T-DXd与nivolumab在HER2表达晚期乳腺癌或尿路上皮癌中的组合。这项研究报告了有希望的结果，在HER2阳性患者中疾病控制率（DCR）为90.6%，在HER2低表达BC患者中为75%，安全性可接受，PFS方面有益处。Ib/II期BEGONIA试验更深入地研究了T-DXd，这次将其与durvalumab结合用于未经治疗的HER2低表达三阴性BC（TNBC）。初步结果令人印象深刻，显示100%的ORR。预计会有更多数据阐明PD-L1表达对这些结果的影响。此外，目前正在进行的Ib期试验正在研究T-DXd与pembrolizumab的组合，针对HER2表达的晚期/mBC或NSCLC患者。管线中的另一项研究是胃癌的Ib/II期试验，DESTINY-Gastric03（NCT04379596）。此外，正在进行的临床试验正在评估T-DXd、durvalumab和pertuzumab在HER2阳性mBC中的安全性和抗肿瘤活性（NCT04538742, NCT04784715）。 3.1.5.Sacituzumab govitecan Sacituzumab govitecan（SG）由抗Trop2的单克隆抗体连接到伊立替康的活性代谢物SN-38组成。该药物已获得FDA批准，作为乳腺癌和尿路上皮癌的单一药物治疗。TROPHY-U-01队列3评估了SG与pembrolizumab在铂类方案进展后的转移性尿路上皮癌患者中的组合，显示出令人鼓舞的ORR和临床获益率，以及可管理的安全性概况。除此之外，正在进行的研究正在评估SG在各种其他临床环境和更早期治疗阶段的活性。例如，EVOKE-02 II期试验正在评估SG与化疗和ICIs作为非致癌基因成瘾NSCLC患者的一线治疗（NCT05186974）。同样，一项I/II期研究探索了SG与ipilimumab和nivolumab作为一线治疗的潜力，用于不适合顺铂的晚期尿路上皮癌（UC），为代表未满足的医疗需求的患者群体展示了抗肿瘤活性。 3.1.6.Tisotumab vedotin 基于innovaTV 204试验的发现，FDA加速批准了tisotumab vedotin（TV），该药物针对组织因子并与MMAE连接，用于复发或转移性宫颈癌（r/mCC）患者。Ib/II期试验innovaTV 205/GOG-3024/ENGOT-cx8的剂量扩展臂评估了TV与卡铂作为一线治疗或与pembrolizumab作为第一或第二/三线治疗在r/mCC患者中的组合。该研究达到了其主要终点，展示了有希望的抗肿瘤活性和可接受的安全性概况。 3.1.7.Mirvetuximab soravtansine 临床前数据表明MIRV可能激活单核细胞并在卵巢癌细胞中上调免疫原性细胞死亡标志物。在这些发现的基础上，Ib/II期FORWARD II研究进一步探讨了MIRV与pembrolizumab和bevacizumab的组合，重点关注铂类耐药卵巢癌患者。MIRV与pembrolizumab的组合通常耐受性良好，G3 AEs较少。补充这些发现，正在进行的额外研究正在子宫内膜癌患者中进行（NCT03835819）。 3.2.未经批准的ADCs与ICIs的组合 3.2.1.Ladiratuzumab vedotin Ladiratuzumab vedotin (LV) 是一种新型ADC，它将抗LIV-1单克隆抗体与MMAE结合，通过蛋白酶可裂解的连接子。LIV-1是一种具有锌转运蛋白和金属蛋白酶活性的跨膜蛋白，在黑色素瘤、乳腺癌和前列腺癌中主要表达，而在正常组织中的表达有限。早期研究表明其具有有希望的抗肿瘤活性，特别是在经过大量治疗的转移性三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)中。LV与pembrolizumab的组合已在TNBC患者的一线治疗中进行了评估，显示出良好的耐受性概况和临床活性。目前正在进行的研究正在探索LV与atezolizumab在局部晚期和转移性TNBC中的组合(NCT03424005)。 3.2.2.Disitamab vedotin Disitamab vedotin (RC48-ADC) 是一种抗HER2 ADC，由一种新型抗HER2单克隆抗体(hertuzumab)组成，通过可裂解的连接子与MMAE结合。在HER2阳性和HER2阴性的la/mUC人群中观察到了有希望的数据。在Ib/II期试验中，RC48-ADC与toripalimab（一种已知在UC中具有临床活性的抗PD-1抗体）联合进行了研究。该组合在la/mUC患者中显示出75%的ORR。对于HER2阳性和PD-L1阳性的患者，ORR甚至更高。然而，在HER2 2+、1+、0的患者中，以及PD-L1水平低于1的患者中也观察到了抗肿瘤活性。同样的组合在表达HER2的晚期胃癌或胃食管交界处的患者中进行了探索，发现结果相似且积极。 3.2.3.Anetumab ravtansine 在胸膜间皮瘤患者中进行的Anetumab ravtansine（AR）与pembrolizumab联合治疗的研究表明，与单独使用pembrolizumab相比，其稳定疾病率和中位无进展生存期（PFS）更高，尽管这些差异没有统计学意义，可能的原因是样本量较小。此外，在胰腺癌的Ib期研究中，AR与免疫疗法或化疗的组合显示出良好的DCR和耐受性。 3.2.4.Belantamab mafodotin Belantamab mafodotin (BM) 是一种使用针对B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)的单克隆抗体开发的新型ADC。BCMA是肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)受体超家族的一部分，表达在正常和恶性浆细胞以及晚期B细胞上。抗体部分通过蛋白酶抗性的连接子与MMAF连接。BM在治疗R/R多发性骨髓瘤(MM)中的有效性已在几项临床研究中进行了评估，显示出PFS、OS的益处和可管理的安全性概况。这些结果最初导致了其在经过四线或更多治疗的R/R MM患者中单药治疗的FDA批准。然而，在2022年11月，由于DREAMM-III研究的结果没有达到FDA的加速批准指南(NCT04162210)，这一批准被撤回。在实验研究中，将BM与OX40激动剂结合使用已被证明可以增强抗癌效果，导致肿瘤内T细胞和树突状细胞的活性增加。像DREAMM-5这样的临床试验正在探索这种方法，研究BM与各种免疫疗法的组合，包括抗PD-1和抗诱导性T细胞共刺激因子(ICOS)抗体，以及γ-分泌酶抑制剂。这项试验对23名患者的初步分析表明，通过剂量调整，BM与抗ICOS的组合显示出令人鼓舞的临床活性和可管理的安全性概况[106]。此外，DREAMM-4研究调查了BM和pembrolizumab的组合，得出结论，这种组合产生了有利的ORR，并且安全性概况与BM单药治疗相当。 3.2.5.Datopotamab deruxtecan Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) 是一种新型ADC，由一种人源化抗TROP2 IgG1单克隆抗体组成，通过可裂解的连接子与强效DNA拓扑异构酶I抑制剂连接。TROPION系列的早期试验评估了Dato-DXd在不同阶段的多种肿瘤中的有效性和安全性，揭示了在NSCLC和TNBC中具有有希望的临床活性。早期试验中令人鼓舞的结果导致了Dato-DXd与ICIs的进一步探索。例如，TROPION-Lung02试验研究了Dato-DXd与pembrolizumab ±化疗在转移性NSCLC患者中的组合，报告了可接受的安全性概况和临床活性。这导致了正在进行的研究，如TROPION-Lung07和TROPION-Lung08，旨在探索Dato-DXd与ICIs的组合，有或没有化疗，可能作为一线治疗。在转移性TNBC中，Ib/II期BEGONIA试验评估了Dato-DXd和durvalumab的组合，无论PD-L1表达水平如何，都显示出非常鼓舞人心的79%的ORR，安全性概况与两种药物的已知概况一致。此外，其他研究正在评估从围手术期治疗到晚期疾病治疗的不同阶段的BC中相同的组合(NCT06112379, NCT05629585, NCT06103864)。最后，TROPION-PanTumor03将评估Dato-DXd作为单药治疗以及与其他抗肿瘤药物的组合，用于各种实体癌症类型(NCT05489211)。 4.在临床开发中的组合：ADC与靶向疗法（单克隆抗体和小分子药物）的结合 ADC与小分子靶向疗法（如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）或其他药物）或单克隆抗体（mAb）的组合具有巨大潜力，因为它们可能提供增加的选择性，从而可能提高治疗的有效性。这里我们将回顾评估ADC与裸mAb和小靶向药物组合疗法的临床试验（表S3）。 4.1.作为单一药物批准的ADC与靶向疗法的组合：临床试验的主要结果 4.1.1.Brentuximab vedotin ECHELON-3研究评估了BV、lenalidomide和rituximab在不适合进行造血干细胞移植（HSCT）或CAR-T疗法的R/R DLBCL患者中的新型组合疗法。该研究涉及10名患者，显示出70%的ORR和可管理的安全性概况，表明这种三联方案在R/R DLBCL中具有有希望的疗效，目前随机研究阶段正在进行中。 4.1.2.Polatuzumab vedotin PV目前正在评估与rituximab和双特异性抗体的组合。Ib/II期研究将PV与mosunetuzumab（一种针对CD20和CD3的双特异性抗体）结合使用，在复发/难治性B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-HL）中显示出有希望的安全性和疗效，特别是对于治疗选择有限的老年患者。此外，一项II期研究评估了rituximab与PV或pinatuzumab vedotin在类似患者群体中的疗效，显示出疗效，由于反应持续时间更长和更好的安全性概况，更倾向于rituximab-PV。Ib/II期研究评估了PV与obinutuzumab和lenalidomide在经过大量预处理的难治性滤泡性淋巴瘤患者中的组合。此外，PV还与bcl-2抑制剂venetoclax以及作为三联疗法的一部分与venetoclax和rituximab一起进行了研究。Ib期研究调查了PV与venetoclax和rituximab在R/R DLBCL中的组合，显示出有希望的活性和有利的安全性概况。相同的组合在R/R滤泡性淋巴瘤患者中进行了探索，用obinutuzumab替换rituximab，也取得了令人鼓舞的结果。 4.1.3.Inotuzumab ozogamicin INO和rituximab的组合在I/II期试验中进行了探索，用于DLBCL的滤泡性淋巴瘤患者，显示出高抗肿瘤活性和可管理的安全性概况。III期试验未能证明实验臂与标准治疗相比的优越性。I期试验评估了INO与temsirolimus在R/R CD22阳性B细胞non-HL患者中的组合。由于在治疗剂量下毒性高，得出结论认为这种药物组合的进一步开发不可行，尽管显示出临床活性。另一项早期阶段试验探索了INO与bosutinib在R/R费城染色体阳性ALL或慢性髓性白血病的淋巴细胞性爆发阶段的组合，显示出ORR方面的临床活性和良好的耐受性概况。 4.1.4.Loncastuximab tesirine Loncastuximab tesirine (LT) 是一种抗CD19 ADC，与pyrrolobenzodiazepine二聚体细胞毒素SG3199相连。LOTIS-2试验的结果导致FDA批准LT作为单一药物用于治疗R/R大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL、转化DLBCL和HGBL）患者。I/II期研究探索了LT和ibrutinib在DLBCL和mantle cell lymphoma患者中的组合，显示出抗肿瘤活性和可管理的毒性。目前的评估包括其与rituximab在R/R滤泡性淋巴瘤和各种DLBCL设置中的组合(NCT04998669, NCT05144009, NCT04384484)。 4.1.5.Trastuzumab emtansine 在KAITLIN、MARIANNE和KRISTINE的III期试验中，无论在早期还是晚期HER2阳性BC中使用T-DM1与pertuzumab的组合，与标准护理相比均未显示出改善的临床活性。II期试验TEAL探索了T-DM1、lapatinib和nab-paclitaxel与trastuzumab、pertuzumab和paclitaxel在新辅助HER2阳性BC中的组合。实验臂与标准臂相比具有更高的活性。III期研究HER2CLIMB-02调查了T-DM1和tucatinib在晚期HER2阳性BC中的组合，在2023年圣安东尼奥乳腺癌研讨会上展示了结果。这种组合与对照臂相比显著改善了PFS，也在脑转移患者中显示出反应。然而，它与更高的AEs率相关，尽管通常可管理。Neratinib，一种不可逆的panHER抑制剂，通过抑制下游途径有潜力克服曲妥珠单抗耐药性。在一小部分HER2阳性mBC患者中，该组合产生了63%的ORR和可接受的安全性概况。其他研究正在探索T-DM1与ribociclib或alpelisib在HER2阳性mBC患者中的组合，显示出良好的耐受性和有希望的活性。 T-DM1和pertuzumab的组合在HERACLES-B试验中用于HER2阳性晚期结直肠癌患者，但试验未能达到其主要终点（ORR ≥ 30%）。另一项研究调查了osimertinib plus T-DM1在晚期EGFR突变和HER2阳性NSCLC患者中的组合，显示出有限的疗效。 4.1.6.Enfortumab vedotin I期试验评估了EV与SG在mUC中的组合，显示出显著的临床活性，有完全反应的证据。EV与erdafitinib正在I期研究中进行评估，涉及转移性尿路上皮癌患者(NCT04963153)。另一项试验正在调查EV与cabozantinib在局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌受试者中的组合(NCT04878029)。 4.1.7.Sacituzumab govitecan 临床前证据表明，在TNBC模型中将SG与聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶（PARP）抑制剂组合使用可能有益。SG和rucaparib的组合已在Ib SEASTAR研究中进行了评估，用于晚期TNBC、晚期铂类耐药卵巢癌以及具有同源重组修复基因突变的实体瘤患者。尽管显示出活性迹象，但由于安全问题，特别是高骨髓抑制率，需要进一步调查。几项研究正在调查SG加talazoparib在转移性TNBC（mTNBC）中的组合，以及berzosertib[一种强效且选择性的小型分子Rad3相关激酶（ATR）抑制剂]在SCLC和对PARP抑制剂进展的同源重组缺陷肿瘤中的组合(NCT04826341)。最近发表了调查SG和berzosertib的I期试验的初步结果：在12名可评估患者中有3名观察到客观反应，正在进行的II期扩展队列目前正在评估疗效。 4.1.8.Mirvetuximab soravtansine Ib/II期FORWARD II评估了MIRV与pembrolizumab和bevacizumab在铂类耐药卵巢癌患者中的组合。与bevacizumab的组合得到了支持，证据表明其增强了抗肿瘤活性，这归因于bevacizumab促进肿瘤渗透和ADC暴露的能力。它显示出显著的有效性，在无论铂类敏感性状态如何的患者中都提高了反应。该组合在高FRα表达肿瘤患者和之前未接受过bevacizumab的患者中特别有效。这些发现表明，MIRV与bevacizumab的组合可能是卵巢癌标准疗法的一个有希望的替代方案，即使是之前接受过治疗的患者。目前正在进行的I期研究正在评估MIRV与rucaparib在复发性子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、输卵管癌或原发性腹膜癌患者中的组合(NCT03552471)。另一项Ib期试验正在评估MIRV与SL-172154在铂类耐药卵巢癌患者中的组合，SL-172154是一种由人类信号调节蛋白α (SIRPα) 和通过人类Fc连接的CD40L组成的融合蛋白(NCT05483933)。 4.2.未批准的ADC与靶向疗法的组合 4.2.1.Belantamab mafodotin BM与lenalidomide和dexamethasone的组合已在两项临床试验中进行了评估：针对未经治疗的MM患者的BelaRd研究和针对R/R MM患者的DREAMM-6研究。这两项研究表明，在不同剂量水平下G3 AEs的比例高达94%。然而，这些AEs通常可以通过剂量调整来管理，并且有显著的临床活性迹象。III期试验DREAMM-8目前正在探索BV与dexamethasone和pomalidomide在R/R MM中的组合(NCT04484623)。其他正在进行的组合方案包括BM与lenalidomide和daratumumab在复发或新诊断的MM中的组合(NCT04892264)，BM加bortezomib和dexamethasone(NCT04246047)等。 4.2.2.Anetumab ravtansine 一项II期试验评估了AR与bevacizumab的组合，与paclitaxel与bevacizumab在铂类R/R卵巢癌患者中的比较，报告了AR和bevacizumab组合的较差结果，导致研究终止。 4.2.3.Patritumab deruxtecan Patritumab deruxtecan由一种抗HER3 mAb组成，通过可裂解的连接子连接到拓扑异构酶I抑制剂。临床前发现表明，EGFR-TKI的治疗增加了HER3的表达，从而提高了patritumab deruxtecan的抗癌活性，为正在进行的研究提供了理由，该研究正在评估patritumab deruxtecan加osimertinib在晚期EGFR突变NSCLC患者中的组合(NCT04676477)。 4.2.4.Coltuximab ravtansine Coltuximab ravtansine (SAR3419)是一种ADC，由一种抗CD19 mAb与可裂解的连接子结合到DM4。在R/R DLBCL的II期研究中，作为单一药物显示出有希望的活性，PFS和OS方面都有益处。进行了一项II期试验，将rituximab与R/R DLBCL患者联合使用。未达到主要目标ORR，目前没有正在进行的研究探索这种药物。 4.2.5.Moxetumomab pasudotox Moxetumomab pasudotox (MOXE)是一种ADC，由一种mAb抗CD22与假单胞菌外毒素A (PE38)链接。该药物于2018年获得FDA批准，用于治疗经过预处理的毛细胞白血病(HCL)患者。2023年7月，阿斯利康公司决定由于使用不足和其他治疗选择的可用性，将该药物撤出市场。 5.讨论和未来方向 在过去的几年中，进入临床前和临床开发的ADC数量显著增加。除了批准的单一药物化合物外，其中一些也已经与其他抗癌药物联合批准，而许多其他药物正在不同的临床开发阶段和组合中进行测试。组合疗法被视为提高ADC疗效的可能性。通过与化疗和最近的ICIs的组合，取得了最显著的成果。与化疗的批准组合已在血液恶性肿瘤领域得到发展。如上所述，BV已获批准与传统化疗联合用于HL和T细胞淋巴瘤，通过替换化疗药物之一（由于重叠毒性）加入已建立的化疗方案中。虽然成功，ADC与标准化疗的组合也存在一些挑战，特别是确定正确的剂量和治疗时间表，从而在毒性和疗效之间取得平衡。在像GO与DA治疗AML的重新批准这样的情况中，需要较低的分数剂量计划。最近批准用于血液恶性肿瘤组合的药物是PV。这种药物没有作为单一药物治疗获得批准，而是直接与rituximab和bendamustine或R-CHP联合批准用于治疗复发和治疗naive DLBCL，后者仅基于PFS的改善。因此，当将ADC与化疗联合使用时，应特别注意毒性，并采用谨慎的剂量递增方案。此外，应在随机试验中证明明确的临床益处和对标准化疗方案的优越性。 除了与化疗的组合外，支持ADC与ICIs组合的临床前证据促使进行几项临床试验，旨在评估这种组合的安全性和有效性。EV与pembrolizumab的组合于2023年12月获得FDA批准，用于治疗尿路上皮癌，基于III期试验的结果，该试验显示OS有所改善。其他组合的结果正在等待中。 尽管ADC在不同肿瘤类型中观察到强大的抗肿瘤活性，但ADC的使用仍然面临几个挑战，包括安全性以及患者选择，这两个因素在考虑组合策略时可能变得更加相关。关于安全性，ADC与裸mAb之间存在显著差异。ADC具有与其连接的化疗药物、ADC的组成以及正常组织中目标表达相关的剂量限制毒性。另一方面，选择那些更有可能受益的患者仍然是一个未解决的问题。尽管需要，但在大多数情况下，抗原表达并未与抗肿瘤活性明确相关。 目前许多试验正在进行（图2），可能在不久的将来更好地定义这类化合物在癌症治疗中的作用以及它们在组合方案中的整合。新型结构的出现，如双特异性ADC，允许同时针对多种抗原，潜在地增强特异性和有效性，免疫刺激性抗体结合物（ISACs）或针对免疫检查点的药物结合物（IDCs），旨在将ADC的细胞毒性与免疫刺激性特性融合，从而放大抗肿瘤免疫反应，也可能为创新策略开辟新的可能性。研究预测性生物标志物和开发解决肿瘤微环境复杂性的创新临床前模型可能有助于将发现转化为临床相关策略。探索这些创新方式及其整合到组合策略中的潜力可能会改变癌症治疗的格局。 图2. 正在进行的试验。正在进行的研究的图形表示：活跃未招募、招募中、活跃尚未招募。数据来源于ClinicalTrial.gov，更新日期为2024年1月。CT：化疗；mAb：单克隆抗体；Mono：单药治疗；Ph：阶段；TA：靶向药物；MIX：三种或更多药物的组合。 6.结论 在过去的十年中，ADC的开发取得了相当大的进展。越来越多的临床试验现在正在探索新型ADC及其与其他疗法的组合。在这些组合中，涉及化疗的组合是最先获得血液恶性肿瘤批准的。然而，它们需要特别注意，因为与毒性相关。另一方面，与ICIs的组合可能呈现较少的重叠毒性。未来的试验将需要解决最有可能从这些组合中受益的患者的最佳选择标准。最近，FDA批准了第一种ADC与ICI的组合，用于治疗尿路上皮癌患者。与此同时，正在进行的试验调查了各种肿瘤类型中与小靶向药物和mAb的组合，迄今为止产生了有限的结果。为了确保基于ADC的治疗组合在未来的成功开发，建立临床前理由、进行仔细的早期临床试验，并在II期和III期临床试验中为评估定义明确的疗效终点至关重要。 为促进抗体行业的交流与创新，2024年10月16-17日第七届金秋十月抗体产业发展大会如约而至。会议旨在为研究人员提供一个互动交流的平台，有助于推动抗体产业的进一步发展。 会议内容 时间：2024年10月16-17日 地点：上海张江（酒店定向通知） 规模：600-800人 主办单位：生物制品圈、抗体圈 演讲支持：Entegris、瑞孚迪、AS ONE CORPORATION 会议费用：免费FREE!（仅收取100元报名定金，含参会学习、茶歇、会议手册，定金概不退还），先到先得，报完即止！ 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Phase 2 updated results for zanidatamab in HER2-positive mGEA included a confirmed objective response rate (cORR) of 84%, duration of response (DoR) of 18.7 months, median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 15.2 months and a Kaplan-Meier–estimated overall survival (OS) of 59% at 30 months DUBLIN, Sept. 16, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: JAZZ) today announced updated data, including median progression-free survival (mPFS) and overall survival (OS) findings, from the Phase 2 trial of zanidatamab, an investigational dual HER2-targeted bispecific antibody, in combination with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with HER2-expressing advanced or metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (mGEA). Data from 41 patients with HER2-positive mGEA who were treated with zanidatamab in combination with physician's choice of chemotherapy treatment demonstrated a mPFS of 15.2 [95% CI: 9.5, 33.4] months. After a median duration of follow-up of 41.5 (range, 23.0-52.7) months, the median OS was not mature, a Kaplan-Meier–estimated 24-month OS was 65% [95% CI: 48.0, 78.0] and the 30-month overall survival was 59% [95% CI: 41.0, 73.0]. "Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) represents one of the most common tumor types worldwide; however, developing effective treatment options for GEA patients has been challenging," said Dr. Elena Elimova, lead trial investigator and a medical oncologist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada. "Despite recent advancements for patients, the sustained clinical antitumor activity seen in this trial demonstrates the potential for zanidatamab to address a significant unmet patient need in HER2-positive GEA." "The updated results from this Phase 2 trial reaffirm zanidatamab's potential as a foundational treatment for patients with HER2-positive mGEA and showcase the promise of this HER2-targeted bispecific antibody to treat HER2-expressing cancers," said Rob Iannone, M.D., M.S.C.E., executive vice president, global head of research and development, and chief medical officer of Jazz Pharmaceuticals. "We look forward to continuing to advance our broader clinical development program for zanidatamab in GEA, including the Phase 3 first-line clinical trial HERIZON-GEA-01 that is expected to read out in the second quarter of 2025, and other HER2-expressing solid tumors, with the goal of supporting more patients with HER2-positive cancers." Phase 2 mGEA Trial Results The data include efficacy and tolerability findings from an ongoing, open-label Phase 2 study (NCT03929666) evaluating zanidatamab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with HER2-expressing mGEA, which comprises gastric, esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas. Patients had not received prior HER2-targeted agents nor systemic treatment for mGEA. A total of 46 patients with HER2-expressing mGEA (41 patients with HER2-positive mGEA) were enrolled from 15 sites across the United States, Canada and South Korea, and patients were administered zanidatamab with physician's choice of chemotherapy treatment. Currently, chemotherapy-based regimens are the standard first-line combination therapy for 1L mGEA. The longer-term data (median duration of follow-up of 41.5 [range, 23.0-52.7] months) demonstrates the promising antitumor activity of zanidamatab combined with chemotherapy as a first-line therapy for HER2-positive mGEA. Treatment with zanidatamab resulted in a cORR of 84% [95% CI: 68.0, 94.0], an increase of 5% from the cORR previously reported, and one additional patient achieved a complete response for a total of four patients achieving complete response among 37-response evaluable patients. The median duration of response was 18.7 months [95% CI: 8.3-NE] with 10 patients having an ongoing response at the time of data cutoff. The mPFS was 15.2 [95% CI: 9.5, 33.4] months. The Kaplan-Meier–estimated 24-month OS was 65% [95% CI: 48.0, 78.0] with a 30-month overall survival of 59% [95% CI: 41.0, 73.0]. With additional follow-up, the safety and tolerability profile of zanidatamab plus chemotherapy remained manageable with no new safety signals identified. Diarrhea was the most common Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) (35%); the incidence of Grade 3-4 diarrhea was <15% for patients treated after the implementation of mandated antidiarrheal prophylaxis. Treatment discontinuation due to TRAEs were infrequent, and there were no treatment-related deaths. These data were presented in a poster session entitled Zanidatamab + Chemotherapy for First-Line Treatment for HER2+ Advanced or Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (mGEA) during the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Annual Meeting taking place in Barcelona, Spain. The presentation is available to conference registrants on the ESMO conference website (Presentation Number 1423P). Jazz continues to enroll patients in the Phase 3 randomized clinical trial, HERIZON-GEA-01 (NCT05152147), evaluating zanidatamab in combination with chemotherapy plus or minus tislelizumab as a first-line treatment for HER2-expressing mGEA. This is an events-based trial; top-line data from this trial is expected to read out in the second quarter of 2025. Phase 2 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Trial Results Presented as Mini-Oral at ESMO 2024 In addition to the mGEA trial presentation, a mini-oral was also presented at ESMO 2024 from another arm of the same Phase 2, open-label trial (NCT03929666) that includes a cohort of patients with metastatic CRC treated with first-line zanidatamab plus chemotherapy ± bevacizumab (bev). In 11 response-evaluable patients, there were 10 confirmed partial responses and 1 patient with stable disease as a best response. The cORR was 91% (95% CI: 58.7, 99.8) and median duration of response was not reached (2.9+,16.7+ months). All patients experienced TRAEs – Grade 3-4 TRAEs occurred in five (38%) patients, three (23%) of whom experienced diarrhea. No patients discontinued zanidatamab due to a TRAE and there were no treatment-related deaths. Zanidatamab plus chemotherapy ± bev demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity with a generally manageable safety profile as first-line treatment for patients with HER2-positive mCRC. About Zanidatamab Zanidatamab is an investigational dual HER2-targeted bispecific antibody that simultaneously binds to two distinct sites on HER2, known as biparatopic binding. This unique design and enhanced binding results in multiple mechanisms of action, including HER2 and HER3 signal blockade, removal of HER2 protein from the cell surface and enhanced immune effector functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which leads to encouraging antitumor activity. Zanidatamab is being developed in multiple clinical trials as a targeted treatment option for patients with solid tumors that express HER2. Zanidatamab is being developed by Jazz and BeiGene, Ltd. (BeiGene) under license agreements from Zymeworks, which first developed the molecule. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted and granted Priority Review of the Biologics License Application (BLA) for zanidatamab with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) action date of November 29, 2024. Zanidatamab was also granted Breakthrough Therapy designation in patients with previously treated HER2 gene-amplified biliary tract cancers (BTC) and given two Fast Track designations: one as a single agent for refractory BTC and one in combination with standard of care chemotherapy for 1L gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). Additionally, zanidatamab has received Orphan Drug designations from FDA for the treatment of BTC and GEA, as well as Orphan Drug designation from the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of BTC and gastric cancer. Zanidatamab was also granted Breakthrough Therapy designation from the Center for Drug Evaluation (CDE) in China. About Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and approximately 20% of patients have HER2–positive disease.1,2,3 HER2–positive GEA has high morbidity and mortality, and patients are urgently in need of new treatment options. About Jazz Pharmaceuticals Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: JAZZ) is a global biopharma company whose purpose is to innovate to transform the lives of patients and their families. We are dedicated to developing life-changing medicines for people with serious diseases—often with limited or no therapeutic options. We have a diverse portfolio of marketed medicines, including leading therapies for sleep disorders and epilepsy, and a growing portfolio of cancer treatments. Our patient-focused and science-driven approach powers pioneering research and development advancements across our robust pipeline of innovative therapeutics in oncology and neuroscience. Jazz is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland with research and development laboratories, manufacturing facilities and employees in multiple countries committed to serving patients worldwide. Please visit for more information. Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc Caution Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements related to zanidatamab's potential as a foundational treatment for patients with HER2-positive mGEA, the promise of HER2-targeted bispecific antibodies to treat HER2-expressing cancers and zanidatamab's potential to address a significant unmet patient need, growing our portfolio of innovative oncology products and investigational therapies, advancing our broader clinical development program for zanidatamab, including expectations with respect to the timing of the GEA Phase 3 clinical trial read out and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are based on Jazz Pharmaceuticals' current plans, objectives, estimates, expectations and intentions and inherently involve significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, and other risks and uncertainties affecting Jazz Pharmaceuticals and its development programs, including those described from time to time under the caption "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc's Securities and Exchange Commission filings and reports (Commission File No. 001-33500), including Jazz Pharmaceuticals' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as supplemented by our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, and future filings and reports by Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Other risks and uncertainties of which Jazz Pharmaceuticals is not currently aware may also affect Jazz Pharmaceuticals' forward-looking statements and may cause actual results and the timing of events to differ materially from those anticipated. The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date hereof or as of the dates indicated in the forward-looking statements, even if they are subsequently made available by Jazz Pharmaceuticals on its website or otherwise. Jazz Pharmaceuticals undertakes no obligation to update or supplement any forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, new information, future events, changes in its expectations or other circumstances that exist after the date as of which the forward-looking statements were made. Contacts: Jazz Media Contact: Kristin Bhavnani Head of Global Corporate Communications Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 637 2141 U.S. +1 215 867 4948 Jazz Investor Contact: Andrea N. Flynn, Ph.D. Vice President, Head, Investor Relations Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 634 3211 U.S. +1 650 496 2717 References: 1 Abrahao-Machado I.F., et al. HER2 testing in gastric cancer: An update WorldJGastroenterol. 2016;22(19):4619-4625. 2 Van Custem E., et al. HER2 screening data from ToGA: targeting HER2 in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2015;18(3):476-484. 3 Stroes, C.I., et al. A systematic review of HER2 blockade for the curative treatment of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: Successes achieved and opportunities ahead. CancerTreatRev. 2021;99:102249. SOURCE Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

New and updated data from an ongoing Phase 2 trial of zanidatamab, an investigational dual HER2-targeted bispecific antibody, in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (mGEA) DUBLIN, Sept. 9, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: JAZZ) today announced that the Company, along with its partners, will present five abstracts at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress 2024 from September 13-17, 2024, in Barcelona, Spain. Presentations include data from trials of zanidatamab and Zepzelca® (lurbinectedin). New and updated data with longer follow-up, including overall survival findings, will be presented from an ongoing Phase 2 trial of zanidatamab, an investigational dual HER2-targeted bispecific antibody, in combination with chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (mGEA). Additional data from a Phase 2 study evaluating zanidatamab in combination with chemotherapy and bevacizumab as first-line treatment in HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer demonstrating encouraging antitumor activity will be presented as a mini-oral presentation at the congress. "We look forward to presenting new and more mature data from our oncology solid tumor clinical development program at this year's ESMO congress, in particular for zanidatamab in HER2-positive metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma," said Rob Iannone, M.D., M.S.C.E., executive vice president, global head of research and development, and chief medical officer of Jazz Pharmaceuticals. "We look forward to continuing to advance our clinical development program for zanidatamab in GEA, including the Phase 3 clinical trial expected to read out in the second quarter of 2025 that could support global regulatory submissions." Data on Zepzelca will also be presented at the congress, including findings from a Phase 2 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of lurbinectedin and irinotecan in relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients, including those with CTFI (Chemotherapy-Free Interval) 30-90 days, who typically have a poor prognosis. These findings support the rationale for this combination in the ongoing LAGOON confirmatory trial. The full ESMO abstracts for posters are available at: The full ESMO abstracts for presentations are available at: ESMO Congress 2024 - Conference Calendar - ESMO Congress 2024 (ctimeetingtech.com) The full list of Jazz or partner-supported presentations at the 2024 ESMO Congress includes: Zanidatamab Presentations Zepzelca Presentations About Zanidatamab Zanidatamab is an investigational dual HER2-targeted bispecific antibody that simultaneously binds to two distinct sites on HER2, known as biparatopic binding. This unique design and enhanced binding results in multiple mechanisms of action, including HER2 and HER3 signal inhibition, removal of HER2 protein from the cell surface and enhanced immune effector functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which leads to encouraging antitumor activity. Zanidatamab is being developed in multiple clinical trials as a targeted treatment option for patients with solid tumors that express HER2. Zanidatamab is being developed by Jazz and BeiGene, Ltd. (BeiGene) under license agreements from Zymeworks, which first developed the molecule. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted priority review for the Biologics License Application (BLA) for zanidatamab for the treatment of previously treated, unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic HER2-positive biliary tract cancer (BTC) with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of November 29, 2024. The FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for zanidatamab development in patients with previously treated HER2 gene-amplified BTC, and two Fast Track designations for zanidatamab: one as a single agent for refractory BTC and one in combination with standard of care chemotherapy for 1L gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). Additionally, zanidatamab has received Orphan Drug designations from FDA for the treatment of BTC and GEA, as well as Orphan Drug designation from the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of BTC and gastric cancer. Zanidatamab was also granted Breakthrough Therapy designation from the Center for Drug Evaluation (CDE) in China. About Zepzelca® (lurbinectedin) Zepzelca is an alkylating drug that binds guanine residues within DNA. This triggers a cascade of events that can affect the activity of DNA binding proteins, including transcription factors, and DNA repair pathways, resulting in disruption of the cell cycle and eventual cell death.1 The FDA approved Zepzelca under accelerated approval in June 2020 for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic SCLC with disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. The approval is based on overall response rate (ORR) and duration of response demonstrated in an open-label, monotherapy clinical study. In December 2021, Jazz and PharmaMar announced the initiation of LAGOON, a confirmatory Phase 3 clinical trial of Zepzelca for the treatment of patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer. If positive, LAGOON could confirm the benefit of Zepzelca in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) when patients progress following 1L treatment with a platinum-based regimen and support full approval in the U.S. Zepzelca is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with SCLC that has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic) and who have received treatment with chemotherapy that contains platinum, and it did not work or is no longer working. Zepzelca is approved based on response rate and how long the response lasted. Additional studies will further evaluate the benefit of Zepzelca for this use. Important Safety Information for ZEPZELCA Before receiving ZEPZELCA, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have liver or kidney problems. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. ZEPZELCA can harm your unborn baby. Females who are able to become pregnant: Your healthcare provider should do a pregnancy test before you start treatment with ZEPZELCA. You should use effective birth control (contraception) during treatment with and for 6 months after your last dose of ZEPZELCA. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant or think that you are pregnant during treatment with ZEPZELCA. Males with female partners who are able to become pregnant should use effective birth control during treatment with and for 4 months after their last dose of ZEPZELCA. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if ZEPZELCA passes into your breastmilk. Do not breastfeed during treatment with ZEPZELCA and for 2 weeks after your last dose of ZEPZELCA. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby during treatment with ZEPZELCA. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Certain other medicines may affect how ZEPZELCA works. What should I avoid while using ZEPZELCA? Avoid eating or drinking grapefruit, Seville oranges, or products that contain grapefruit juice and Seville oranges during treatment with ZEPZELCA. ZEPZELCA can cause serious side effects, including: Low blood cell counts. Low blood counts including low neutrophil counts (neutropenia) and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) are common with ZEPZELCA, and can also be severe. Some people with low white blood cell counts may get fever, or an infection throughout the body (sepsis), that can cause death. Your healthcare provider should do blood tests before you receive each treatment with ZEPZELCA to check your blood cell counts. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop: fever or any other signs of infection unusual bruising or bleeding tiredness pale colored skin Liver problems. Increased liver function tests are common with ZEPZELCA and can also be severe. Your healthcare provider should do blood tests to check your liver function before you start and during treatment with ZEPZELCA. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop symptoms of liver problems including: loss of appetite nausea or vomiting pain on the right side of your stomach area (abdomen) Leakage of ZEPZELCA out of your vein during the infusion. If ZEPZELCA leaks into the tissues around your infusion site, it can cause damage and death of tissue cells around the infusion site. You may need to have surgery to remove any dead tissue. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you see any ZEPZELCA leaking out of your vein or around the catheter during your infusion, or if you notice any redness, swelling, itching or discomfort at the infusion site at any time. Severe muscle problems (rhabdomyolysis). Tell your healthcare provider if you have severe muscle pain or weakness. Your healthcare provider may temporarily stop treatment, lower your dose, or permanently stop ZEPZELCA if you develop serious side effects during treatment with ZEPZELCA. The most common side effects of ZEPZELCA include: tiredness low white and red blood cell counts increased kidney function blood test (creatinine) increased liver function blood tests increased blood sugar (glucose) nausea decreased appetite muscle and joint (musculoskeletal) pain low level of albumin in the blood constipation trouble breathing low levels of sodium and magnesium in the blood vomiting cough diarrhea These are not all of the possible side effects of ZEPZELCA. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit  or call 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Jazz Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-520-5568. Please see full Prescribing Information including Patient Information, and discuss with your doctor. ZEPZELCA is a trademark of Pharma Mar, S.A. used by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under license. About Jazz Pharmaceuticals Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: JAZZ) is a global biopharma company whose purpose is to innovate to transform the lives of patients and their families. We are dedicated to developing life-changing medicines for people with serious diseases—often with limited or no therapeutic options. We have a diverse portfolio of marketed medicines, including leading therapies for sleep disorders and epilepsy, and a growing portfolio of cancer treatments. Our patient-focused and science-driven approach powers pioneering research and development advancements across our robust pipeline of innovative therapeutics in oncology and neuroscience. Jazz is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland with research and development laboratories, manufacturing facilities and employees in multiple countries committed to serving patients worldwide. Please visit for more information. Contacts: Jazz Media Contact: Kristin Bhavnani Head of Global Corporate Communications Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 637 2141 U.S. +1 215 867 4948 Jazz Investor Contact: Andrea N. Flynn, Ph.D. Vice President, Head, Investor Relations Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 634 3211 U.S. +1 650 496 2717 SOURCE Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc