Rhinovirus infection

《中东北非（MENA）地区医药市场进入策略全面剖析》重磅直播课程，火热报名中！ 感冒是一类具有相似症状疾病的总称，其原因是病毒引起上呼吸道感染。能够导致感冒的病毒有200多种。病毒的危害性与其流行性、致病致死性密切相关，有些病毒可以导致严重的下呼吸道感染或大流行。对于感冒，不能轻视。撰文 | 李庆超（山东师范大学）发热、乏力、打喷嚏；头痛、喉痛、流鼻涕。您，感冒了！没错，季节变化、天气转凉，就是“感冒病毒”肆虐的最佳时机。秋冬季节，当人们遇到这些症状，十之八九能作出“正确的诊断”。毕竟，感冒对于我们每一个人来说，太常见了，成年人平均每年感冒两至三次，而儿童则可能患六至八次，病程短则七天，长则三周[1]。感冒人人都得过，感冒的滋味人人都知道，可感冒到底是什么引起的？答案可能比你想象的要复杂——“感冒病毒”，成员可不少呐。感冒不是一种病，而是一类病早在公元前1500年，古埃及人就在埃伯斯莎草纸上记录了感冒症状。中医称之为“伤风”，即“风邪犯表所致外感轻证”，见于公元1200年左右的《伤寒直格》；16世纪开始，英语称之为“cold”，普通感冒叫“common cold”。不过，“感冒”一词比较晚才出现。据查，这个词的形成与官场官员登记请假原因有关，自宋朝“感风”（感受风邪）一词出现，到“冒风”（受风后症状“冒”出），再到清朝，“感冒”才成为官场最常见的请假托词。后来，“感冒”一词逐渐为民间所接受。“感冒”与其说是一种疾病，不如说是一类具有相似症状疾病的总称，其本质是急性上呼吸道感染。所以，当别人问你“得了什么病”，你说“我感冒了”，你其实是在说：“我嗓子痒、打喷嚏、咳嗽、流鼻涕、鼻塞、嗓子疼、头疼、发烧……了”。当然，也有严重的感冒会发展为下呼吸道感染，甚至肺炎。那怎么会感冒了呢？这个问题，中外古人都有共识——英文说“I caught a cold”，而咱们老百姓常说“着凉了”，基本一个意思，都认为气温变化导致了感冒。当然，不管是风、凉还是cold，都不是感冒的原因——病毒才是感冒的真正原因。能引起感冒的病毒其实“感冒病毒”这个称呼，可以说是对病毒“相当不尊重”。所谓的“感冒病毒”不是一个严格的分类定义，许多病毒只不过因为都感染上呼吸道，就塞到一起叫“感冒病毒”了。实际上，能够感染人体并导致感冒的病毒有200多种，通常感冒患者体内可能存在一种或一种以上的病毒。由于多数感冒本身并不严重，造成感冒的祸首也就显得没那么重要了，因此大多数感冒病毒在公众中并不知名，可以说是“不配拥有姓名的路人甲、小透明”了。世界上没有感冒病毒，只有引起感冒的病毒。这些病毒五花八门、种类繁多。假如每年感冒两次，每次都感染不同的病毒，长命百岁也感染不完。当然，常见的情况是，有些病毒我们一生中反复多次感染，而有些病毒则没什么“存在感”。下面我们来从病毒分类的角度，以造成感冒病例数的大小顺序，来认识这些所谓的感冒病毒。1. 鼻病毒（Rhinovirus）1914年，莱比锡大学卫生学家Walter Kruse提出感冒是由病毒感染引起的。此后英美科学家在一战、二战期间对此进行继续研究，1946年成立普通感冒研究所，1956年终于发现鼻病毒是感冒的真正原因之一。它也是最常见的感冒病毒，有30%-80%的感冒都是它引起的。鼻病毒属于小RNA病毒科、肠病毒属病毒，分为A、B、C三种，目前已知160多个型。鼻病毒为无包膜的单股正链RNA病毒，颗粒直径30nm，基因组长度约8千碱基左右，无论颗粒还是基因组，在病毒中均属于较小的种类。鼻病毒鼻病毒可以通过飞沫或接触传播，进入鼻腔后15分钟就可以感染人的鼻腔，生存的最适宜温度为33-35°C，发病潜伏期为20小时到4天左右，感染的2天内，超过50％的人会出现症状。鼻病毒感染症状包括喉咙痛、流涕、鼻塞、打喷嚏和咳嗽; 有时伴有肌肉酸痛、疲劳、身体不适、头痛、肌肉无力或食欲不振。鼻病毒造成的感冒是典型的自限性病毒病过程，可自愈。2. 冠状病毒（Coronavirus）约15％的普通感冒是由冠状病毒引起的。其中，人类冠状病毒HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1、HCoV-229E和HCoV-NL63在人群中持续传播，并在全世界范围内的成人和儿童中产生普通感冒的轻度症状[2]。当然，能够造成人类疾病的冠状病毒远不止上述几种。冠状病毒是一类有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒，基因组较大，长约3万碱基，可以引起人或动物的各种疾病。冠状病毒家族出过几个狠角色，如非典型性肺炎病毒、中东呼吸综合征病毒，新型冠状病毒更是在最近三年给人类造成了巨大伤害。3. 流感病毒（influenza viruses）    流感病毒是属于正黏病毒科的一类病毒，可以分为A、B、C、D（中文习惯分别称为甲、乙、丙、丁）四种，每种病毒中根据血清型的不同又分为不同的亚型。其中1918年爆发的甲流H1N1亚型造成了世界上约五千万人的死亡，H2N2、H3N2和H5N1亚型等高致病的流感病毒都是属于甲（A）型流感。人们一提起流感（流行性感冒），一般指的是这少数几种高致病性的流感病毒所造成的重度感冒，它并非人们通常所说的普通感冒，流感对人类健康要比普通感冒严重得多。但是，并非所有的流感病毒都会引起流感，有约10%~15%的普通感冒其实也是由流感病毒造成的。除上面提到的几种流感病毒外，甲流中多数血清型的病毒并不具有极强的致病性，症状与普通感冒难以区分，仅可导致普通感冒：虽然感染了流感病毒，但从症状上看就是感冒。一言以蔽之，流感病毒是一类病毒，但并不是所有的流感病毒都造成严重的病毒性流行性感冒，更多流感病毒只造成普通感冒。4. 腺病毒等其他可造成感冒的病毒腺病毒（Adenoviruses）是一类无包膜的DNA病毒，某些腺病毒可以造成上呼吸道的轻微感染，引起普通感冒的症状。人呼吸道合胞病毒（HRSV）是一种可引起呼吸道感染的病毒，感染的黏膜细胞可融合在一起形成合胞体，感染成人后仅仅引起轻微感冒症状，却是造成婴儿期和儿童期下呼吸道感染和医院就诊的主要原因[3]。人副流感病毒（HPIV）属于副黏病毒科病毒，是5岁以下婴幼儿因患呼吸系统疾病而入院的第二个主要病因[4]。人偏肺病毒（HMPV）是肺炎病毒科的负义单链RNA病毒，HMPV的临床特征和严重程度与HRSV相似。同时，HMPV也是老年人疾病的重要原因。这些病毒“专”欺童叟，令人不齿，但在病毒界倒也很常见。病毒为啥总欺负呼吸道？自从人类的老祖宗从海里爬出来，就面临着一个课题：呼吸。俗话说得好，水是生命之源，我们呼吸空气时的气体交换过程一般需要在湿润的细胞表面进行。一样的道理，病毒感染细胞也不能在干干巴巴的条件下进行，它们需要借着气流进入人体的呼吸道，上呼吸道也因此成为人体最容易被感染的部位。为了产生洁净、湿润和温度适宜的空气以保护肺部，人体用鼻毛过滤空气，鼻腔黏膜湿润空气、吸附灰尘，气管黏膜表面摆动纤毛清理异物……当大量含有异物的空气涌入呼吸道时，可引起咳嗽、喷嚏等活动，将异物与鼻涕或痰液一起排出体外，起到清理呼吸道的作用。可以说，人体为了防御病毒，也算是殚精竭虑了。尽管如此，优秀的“感冒病毒”还是能偷偷进入呼吸道，感染上呼吸道黏膜。人类在说话、咳嗽、打喷嚏的时候，会将带有病毒的唾液等液体喷出去，含有病毒的液滴就会在病人周围飘散开去，被易感人群吸入上呼吸道之后，病毒就在新的人体上呼吸道里安营扎寨。另外，手接触沾有病毒的物体表面后，再习惯性摸脸揉鼻子，后果也是一样。所以，预防呼吸道病毒的重要手段就是“戴口罩，勤洗手”。特别要注意，已经感冒的人，需要主动佩戴口罩，以免感染家人或其他人，流行季节中易感人群也可以佩戴口罩预防感染。小喽啰里也有大魔头随着能够导致人类严重疾病的冠状病毒被发现，特别是新型冠状病毒所造成的大流行，让冠状病毒的研究越来越受人重视。由于冠状病毒可以感染多种动物，自然界中存在冠状病毒库，比如蝙蝠，其中还可能存在感染人、并造成大流行的其他毒株。因此，不排除今后新的冠状病毒大流行的可能性。流行性感冒在历史上出现过数次大流行，曾经造成数千万人死亡。事实上，人类健康可能会永远笼罩在流感大流行的阴影之中。因为，流感病毒的宿主范围很广，特别是存在于候鸟中的禽流感病毒库，盘旋在人类上空，并且周期性迁徙。候鸟迁徙过程中，可以与当地野鸟、家禽接触，并将禽流感引入当地、再传播给猪。人的流感病毒也可以感染猪。以猪为中间宿主，各种来源的流感病毒共同感染同一只猪，造成混合感染，流感病毒在猪体内发生基因重排突变，就有可能产生容易感染人的流感突变株。这种候鸟→家禽→猪→再到人的病毒宿主迁移和突变网络，使消灭流感成为不可能完成的任务，让人类健康随时暴露在流感大流行的威胁之中。有些人可能说，一个小小感冒，居然把造成五千万人死亡的1918大流感和新冠病毒放到自己家谱里，充门面？那这位老兄可是误会了，事实上病毒的家谱并不是按照感染部位来排列的。前面说过，“感冒病毒”这个说法在科学界并不存在。其实“感冒”某种程度上也是一个非常糟糕的概念，因为它把上呼吸道感染症状总和成为一种看似极其常见的，听起来并不严重的疾病，掩盖了造成感冒——也就是上呼吸道感染——的病原体种类复杂多样的事实。这些病原体的危害性差异巨大，有些引发打喷嚏、咳嗽的普通感冒，有些却导致需要插管治疗的严重病毒性肺炎；同一病毒对不同年龄段人群的危害性也相距甚远：成年人可能只产生轻微症状或无症状，婴幼儿或老年人却面临死亡的风险。感冒本身并不会乖乖地存在于人类对它的定义或者想象之中，它随时可能发展成为更严重的下呼吸道感染。不论临床还是科研，特定病毒的“知名度”与其流行性、致病致死性密切相关。H1N1（造成2010流感疫情）、SARS-CoV-1（造成2003年非典疫情）、MERS-CoV（引起中东呼吸综合征）和SARS-CoV-2（造成2020年以来的新冠疫情），越来越多的呼吸道感染病毒被发现、被研究，从“感冒”中脱颖而出，“获得了姓名”，受到人们的重视。就拿SARS-CoV-2来说，它感染发展成为严重肺部感染的风险比其他冠状病毒更大，但也存在大量的轻症、甚至无症状患者。而这些患者在不进行新冠病毒检测的情况下，往往被人所忽视，统统以感冒处置。对于感冒，最好不要轻视。即便是相对来说毒力较弱的病毒，一旦占领肺部，就不好玩了。高烧、咳嗽不止、胸闷胸痛等症状的出现、或婴幼儿或老年人的感冒症状，都应密切观察，必要时抓紧就医。此外，由病毒性肺炎造成的继发性细菌感染也会使病情加重，病程变长。我们可以大胆断言，下一次新发病毒病大流行，最有可能发生、最具传播性和危害性的病毒，依然是可以通过空气传播的呼吸道病毒，而它可能只是众多“感冒病毒”的一个狠亲戚。就个人而言，增强体质、注意防护，不得感冒自然更好，得了感冒要注意休息、密切关注病情，快快好起来哦^^。参考文献[1] Arroll, B (March 2011). "Common cold". Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510.[2] Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C (2018). "Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses" . Advances in Virus Research. 100: 163–188.[3] "Respiratory Syncytial Virus" . Center for Disease Control, Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch. October 17, 2008. RetrievedOctober 2, 2009.[4] Schmidt, Alexander; Anne Schaap-Nutt; Emmalene J Bartlett; Henrick Schomacker; Jim Boonyaratanakornkit; Ruth A Karron; Peter L Collins (1 February 2011). "Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines" . Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 5 (4): 515–526.图片来源：123rf疗效比安慰剂低24%：又一家Flagship孵化的Biotech倒闭，曾经众星捧月，如今一地鸡毛……全国首个针对肝癌的iNKT细胞产品获准临床会议海报还有人偷？武田40亿美元买下的新药又火了…… 点击在看 共济新药研发浪潮

LUND, Sweden, Nov. 7, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- CEO Comment "The positive research results presented during the quarter contribute to us trusting our financial goals for 2026.. Sales in our own markets Sweden, UK and Iceland are doing very well, with a market share in Sweden that is one of the highest for several years. We are discussing constructive ways forward together with our current partners since sales outside of our own markets have been lower than expected. I am very pleased to see how the recent research findings have sparked an interest for Enzymatica and our technology from many different stakeholders around the worl," said Claus Egstrand, CEO, Enzymatica. Significant events during the quarter In August, the Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria, presented the findings from an in vitro study that explored the effect of ColdZyme on human cells infected with the influenza virus. The study shows that ColdZyme disrupts the infection cycle and restricts the spread of the virus to more cells. When ColdZyme was applied to infected cells, the viral load decreased by 99% compared with cells treated solely with saline solution. The researchers believe that ColdZyme would have a similar effect on other respiratory viruses. In September, the University of Kent (United Kingdom) presented the initial findings from an ongoing in vivo study where athletes use ColdZyme or a placebo for symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. The results show that ColdZyme statistically significantly reduces the quantity of rhinovirus, the most common cause of the common cold. Moreover, individuals who used ColdZyme demonstrated statistically significantly fewer sore throat symptoms compared with individuals who used a placebo. The study, which is designed as a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized trial, will be completed in the first half of 2024. Significant events after the quarter No significant events have been reported after the quarter. Other events during and after the quarter An abstract regarding the ongoing study at the University of Kent has been accepted for presentation at the 7th International Olympic Committee Conference on the Prevention Injury and Illness in Sport. The abstract will be also published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The company is engaged in discussions with its partners regarding the launch in China and Japan. In the light of the recent research findings, optimal product claims and classifications are being evaluated. The expansion of production capacity at the facility in Reykjavik has continued during the year and the facility is now ready to handle an extensive increase in capacity. Lower than expected sales outside of Enzymatica's own markets (Sweden, UK, Iceland) has prompted discussions with the current business partners to explore constructive ways forward. The full report is available on: This information is information that Enzymatica is obliged to make public pursuant to the EU Market Abuse Regulation. The information was submitted for publication, through the agency of the contact person set out below, at 08:30 a.m. CET on November 7, 2023. For more information, please contact: Claus Egstrand, Chief Executive Officer, Enzymatica AB Phone: +44 7780 22 8385 | Email: [email protected] Stefan Olsson, Communication Manager, Enzymatica AB Phone: +46 708 55 11 85 | Email: [email protected] Enzymatica AB is headquartered in Lund, Sweden, and is listed on Nasdaq First North Growth Market. For more information, please visit . Enzymatica's Certified Adviser is Erik Penser Bank. The following files are available for download:

Researchers have developed a way of detecting the early onset of deadly infectious diseases using a test so ultrasensitive that it could someday revolutionize medical approaches to epidemics. The test is an electronic sensor contained within a computer chip. It employs nanoballs -- microscopic spherical clumps made of tinier particles of genetic material -- and combines that technology with advanced electronics. Rutgers researchers have developed a way of detecting the early onset of deadly infectious diseases using a test so ultrasensitive that it could someday revolutionize medical approaches to epidemics. The test, described in Science Advances, is an electronic sensor contained within a computer chip. It employs nanoballs -- microscopic spherical clumps made of tinier particles of genetic material, each of those with diameters 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair -- and combines that technology with advanced electronics. "During the COVID pandemic, one of the things that didn't exist but could have stemmed the spread of the virus was a low-cost diagnostic that could flag people known as the 'quiet infected' -- patients who don't know they are infected because they are not exhibiting symptoms," said Mehdi Javanmard, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Rutgers School of Engineering and an author of the study. "In a pandemic, pinpointing an infection early with accuracy is the Holy Grail. Because once a person is showing symptoms -- sneezing and coughing -- it's too late. That person has probably infected 20 people." For the past 20 years, Javanmard has been developing biosensors -- devices that monitor and transmit information about a life process. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he became disheartened about the extent of infections and the extreme loss of life. He believed there had to be a way of using biosensors as a test to detect illness earlier. Working with Muhammad Tayyab, a Rutgers doctoral student and co-author of the study, Javanmard and research colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and Stanford and Yale universities started brainstorming. "We thought: How is there a way where we can leverage our individual expertise to build something new?" Javanmard said. The biosensor developed by the team works through a series of steps. First, it zeroes in on a virus' characteristic sequence of nucleic acids -- naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in a cell. Next, because it amplifies any nucleic acid sequence found in the sample, it makes many more copies, as many as 10,000. Then, it clumps those thousands of specks of nucleic acids into nanoballs that are "large" enough to be detected. The nanoballs are identified electrically when they are directed individually through minute channels containing electrodes on opposite sides. The process is akin to people walking single an airport security gate and being X-rayed one by one. "Our method involves taking the viral nucleic acid material and rolling it up into a ball of DNA that is large enough to be detected by a cell measurement device known as an electronic cytometer," Javanmard said. "As a result, we can flag the infection at its earliest stages when the concentration is still very low." The approach works in samples taken from blood and saliva and has been shown to detect early infections by several viruses, including the rhinovirus causing the common cold, and even bacterial infections such as tuberculosis. The technology, which has been miniaturized and is contained within a computer chip, is small enough to be portable and wearable. The most immediate use, once commercialized, is expected to be the test's efficacy in flagging viral infections at early stages. Ultimately, the technology also may be used to test bacteria-based illnesses as well as bacterial contamination found in food and water supplies, Javanmard said. "These pathogens can be devastating to the economy, to people's livelihoods, and to people's health," Javanmard said. "We should not stop preparing for this. We need to be creating the next generation of tools to stop them. And that's really what this technology is."