Azathioprine

A liver transplant, also known as a hepatic transplant, is a surgical procedure that is performed when a patient's liver is not capable of performing basic functions, such as synthesizing proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. After the kidney, the liver is the second most frequently transplanted major organ, indicating the seriousness of the liver disease. Despite the fact that the majority of liver transplant operations use livers from deceased donors, it is still possible to obtain a liver from a living person as well (allograft). Current liver transplant demand is substantial, however only critically ill patients are considered for transplants, and these patients are selected based on their critical condition. NEWARK, DE / ACCESSWIRE / December 3, 2024 / The Liver Transplantation Market 2023 to 2033 is witnessing significant growth, reflecting advancements in medical technology and rising prevalence of liver-related diseases. In 2023, the market is valued at USD 1,409.8 million and is projected to reach USD 2,653.4 million by 2033, marking a robust CAGR of 6.5% over the forecast period.The increasing incidence of liver disorders such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is a major driver. According to WHO, nearly 2 million deaths annually are attributed to liver diseases globally. This has spurred a demand for innovative transplantation techniques and improved donor-recipient matching systems.Government and private sector investments in healthcare infrastructure and organ transplantation programs are creating lucrative opportunities. Additionally, the emergence of minimally invasive techniques and the integration of AI-based tools in organ matching and post-operative care have revolutionized the liver transplantation landscape.As the market expands, Asia-Pacific and North America are expected to dominate due to increased healthcare spending and better awareness programs, while advancements in biotechnology continue to drive the innovation curve.What Factors are Driving Growth of the Liver Transplantation Market?As hepatitis A, B, and C incidence increases worldwide, the liver transplantation market is expected to grow in the coming years. A major driving force in the liver transplantation market is the advancement of treatment and the increase in adoption as the most effective method of managing end-stage liver disease.Additionally, reimbursement policies are likely to become increasingly favorable in the near future, leading to a growth in liver transplantation. The fact that organ transplantation is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for organ failure is one of the most significant factors contributing to the growth of the market.During the coming years, the market will experience a great deal of growth due to the rise of passive lifestyles, bad eating habits, excessive drinking, and drug abuse being among the main factors that are driving the market to grow. Various causes of liver failure among the global population as well as the growing geriatric population have increased the demand for liver transplants in various regionsRequest a Sample Copy of This Report Now: https://www.fmisamplereport.com/sample/rep-gb-1281Key Takeaways from Market StudyMarket Size in 2023: USD 1,409.8 millionMarket Size in 2033: USD 2,653.4 millionCAGR (2023-2033): 6.5%Key Growth Regions: North America, Asia-Pacific"The liver transplantation market is entering a dynamic growth phase with the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as AI and robotic surgeries. While the increasing burden of liver diseases presents challenges, the market's rapid adaptation to patient needs and regulatory frameworks ensures a promising future. Public-private collaborations will play a pivotal role in accelerating accessibility and affordability." Says Sabyasachi Ghosh (Associate Vice President at Future Market Insights, Inc.)Restricting Factors for the Global Liver Transplantation Market?There are several risks associated with this procedure, including severe bleeding and negative reactions that can be life-threatening, which is a restraint on its use. Several other diseases that can occur as a result of transplants, such as diabetes, high cholesterol, and diarrhea, may impact the market's growth. Staying in a hospital for a long period of time can be expensive, which can hamper the growth of the liver transplantation market.In addition, there are several factors that contributed to the sharp decline in the market's revenue not only in recent years, but also in the future, including the shortage of primary intensive care units, protective equipment, and blood products during transplantation. Over the forecast period, however, liver transplantation market growth can be hindered by a shortage of liver donors, increased waiting lists for liver transplants, and an increase in hospitalization time and costs. As a result, liver transplantation will see a decline in market share in the near future. Component InsightsThe liver transplantation market comprises key components such as immunosuppressive drugs, surgical equipment, and post-operative care services. Among these, immunosuppressive drugs hold the largest share due to their essential role in preventing graft rejection.Growth DriversAdvanced Surgical Techniques: Minimally invasive procedures reduce patient recovery times and risks.Rising Awareness: Growing public understanding of liver health and the importance of transplantation.Supportive Regulations: Policies facilitating faster approvals of new portable medical devices and drugs.Emerging Innovators Are Leading a Transformation in Liver TransplantationA new wave of innovative start-ups, particularly in Western markets, is reshaping the liver transplantation landscape. These companies are introducing cutting-edge medical devices aimed at streamlining transplant procedures, ultimately offering significant benefits to both donors and recipients.Several European firms are pioneering advancements in the preservation of livers donated by both living and deceased individuals. Traditionally, the usable window for a liver after removal from the body is just 12 hours, beyond which the organ is no longer viable for transplantation. Efforts are underway to extend this critical time frame, providing more flexibility and improving patient outcomes.HepaTx, a U.S.-based company, is making strides in the field of regenerative medicine. They are developing stem cell-based therapies as alternatives to liver transplants, targeting patients with late-stage liver diseases. According to their data, only one in thirty-three patients in need of a liver transplant receives an organ in time, highlighting the ongoing challenges in the donor-recipient imbalance despite significant government investments in healthcare.Recent Advancements in Liver TransplantationA ground breaking procedure took place in September 2023 at Jaslok Hospital and Research Center in Mumbai, where a single liver was used to save two lives through a split cadaver liver donation surgery. This method divides the liver into two parts, enabling both an adult and a pediatric patient to benefit from the transplant simultaneously.In another notable development, the Liver4Life team at the University of Zurich has created an innovative blood perfusion machine. This device has the potential to extend the preservation time of a liver to 72 hours, a significant improvement over the previous 12-15 hours. The normothermic perfusion machine mimics the function of a human body by pumping blood to the liver, while supplying essential nutrients and medications to keep the organ in optimal condition before transplantation. This breakthrough has the potential to dramatically improve the viability of donor livers, making a substantial impact on the field.In-Depth Market Analysis: A Complete Reporthttps://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/liver-transplantation-marketKey Market PlayersAllosourceConatus Pharmaceuticals Inc.Digna Biotech S.L.Dompe Farmaceutici S.p.A.Isogenis, Inc.RedHill Biopharma Ltd.Thompson SurgicalIntegra Life SciencesBaxter International Inc.XVIVOVirTech BioVital TherapiesHepaTxHumedicsRegional Analysis of Liver Transplantation MarketNorth America: Largest market share with advanced healthcare infrastructure.Europe: Strong government support and rising organ donation rates.Asia-Pacific: Fastest growth driven by increasing medical tourism and awareness.Middle East & Africa: Emerging market due to improved healthcare facilities.Key Segments Profiled in the Global Liver Transplantation MarketBy Treatment Type:Liver Transplantation SurgeryPost-Surgery Anti-Rejection TreatmentCyclosporineTacrolimusSirolimus Prednisone AzathioprineMycophenolate MofetilBy End Use:HospitalsAdult Liver Transplantation CentersAmbulatory Surgical CentersBy Region:North AmericaLatin AmericaEuropeAsia PacificThe Middle East and AfricaAuthorSabyasachi Ghosh (Associate Vice President at Future Market Insights, Inc.) holds over 12 years of experience in the Healthcare, Medical Devices, and Pharmaceutical industries. His curious and analytical nature helped him shape his career as a researcher.Identifying key challenges faced by clients and devising robust, hypothesis-based solutions to empower them with strategic decision-making capabilities come naturally to him. His primary expertise lies in areas such as Market Entry and Expansion Strategy, Feasibility Studies, Competitive Intelligence, and Strategic Transformation.Holding a degree in Microbiology, Sabyasachi has authored numerous publications and has been cited in journals, including The Journal of mHealth, ITN Online, and Spinal Surgery News.Explore FMI's Extensive Coverage in the Healthcare Domain:The global liver fibrosis treatment market is expected to surpass an impressive valuation of USD 16.43 billion in 2023 and is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 11% from 2023 to 2033.The injectable drug delivery market is, according to industry analysis, estimated to be around a staggering USD 49.44 billion, as of 2024.The global drug delivery technology market is expected to be valued at USD 43.9 billion in 2023.The global hematopoietic stem cell transplantation market garnered a market value of USD 7 Billion in 2023The cross-species organ transplantation market is projected to be valued at USD 14.8 billion by 2024 and rise to USD 30.5 billion by 2034.The global medical cannula market size is forecast to reach USD 445 Million in 2022.The global medical robot market growth is poised to garner a 12.9% CAGR through 2034.The United States digital ovulation test kits market size is projected to be valued at USD 77.4 million in 2023 and is expected to rise to USD 185.0 million by 2033.The Cardiac Biomarker Diagnostic Test Kits Market size is projected to be worth USD 1,950 million in 2023.The global digital psychotherapeutics market size is projected to be worth US$ 1.06 billion in 2023. Over the next ten years, global digital psychotherapeutics demand is likely to accelerate at 27.6% CAGR.Trending TopicGlobal Skin Substitutes Market Analysis (2024-2034)About Future Market Insights (FMI)Future Market Insights (FMI) is a leading provider of market intelligence and consulting services, serving clients in over 150 countries. FMI is headquartered in Dubai and has delivery centres in the United Kingdom, the United States, and India. FMI's latest market research reports and industry analysis helps businesses navigate challenges and make critical decisions with confidence and clarity amidst breakneck competition. Our customized and syndicated market research reports deliver actionable insights that drive sustainable growth. A team of expert-led analysts at FMI continuously tracks emerging trends and events in a broad range of industries to ensure that our clients prepare for the evolving needs of their consumers.Join us as we commemorate 10 years of delivering trusted market insights. Reflecting on a decade of achievements, we continue to lead with integrity, innovation, and expertise.Contact UsFuture Market Insights Inc.Christiana Corporate, 200 Continental Drive,Suite 401, Newark, Delaware - 19713, USAT: +1-347-918-3531For Sales Enquiries: [email protected]Website: https://www.futuremarketinsights.comLinkedIn | Twitter | Blogs | YouTubeSOURCE: Future Market Insights, Inc.

11.30 知识分子 The Intellectual 图源：Pixabay 在这个人人追求健康与希望的世界，一个因病赴死的患者—沙白女士—进入大众的视野。让沙白女士选择安乐死的疾病不是生存率低下的晚期恶性肿瘤，而是一种预后并不算差的自身免疫病——系统性红斑狼疮。 撰文 | 符碧琪（南昌大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科）  ●                  　●                   　● 01 系统性红斑狼疮， 一种重女轻男的自身免疫病 做为一种疾病，系统性红斑狼疮的历史可以追溯到公元855年。法国的基督教巡回大主教赫伯努斯首次使用“Lupus（狼疮）”这个词，将一种皮肤病形象地比作被狼咬过的伤口。这一名称的出现，标志着人们对这种疾病的早期认识[1]。 等到进入现代医学时代的十九世纪，人类对系统性红斑狼疮的认知发生了重大变化。1872年，著名医生卡波西首次报道了一种全身性、严重且可能致命的疾病，使系统性红斑狼疮开始进入公众视野。系统性红斑狼疮是风湿免疫科常见的一种自身免疫病，患病率在千分之一左右，在中国大约有一百万左右的系统性红斑狼疮患者。在这些患者中，女性的数量大约为男性的九倍，其中绝大多数为育龄期的女性。 像绝大多数复杂的免疫类疾病一样，系统性红斑狼疮的发生也是多个因素共同作用的结果。在遗传因素方面，负责呈递抗原的人类白细胞抗原（HLA）基因和多个参与不同阶段免疫反应的基因被鉴定为系统性红斑狼疮的易感基因。在环境因素方面，病毒感染（如巨细胞病毒和EB病毒等）、紫外线照射、吸烟等都会增加系统性红斑狼疮的发病风险。此外，性激素以及某些药物也被证明是该病的风险因素。 在多种风险因素的共同作用下，一些易感的个体（尤其是育龄期女性）的免疫系统出现了异常的反应，导致了免疫细胞和分子的失调以及多种自身抗体的产生，进而引发全身性血管炎。虽然系统性红斑狼疮的红斑表现在皮肤上，这一疾病能够导致多个内脏器官的损伤，包括肾脏、心脏、肺等。而内脏器官的损伤和衰竭，则是导致患者死亡的罪魁祸首。 系统性红斑狼疮发病机制简要示意图（图源：参考文献2） 02 系统性红斑狼疮治疗方案的进展 1.早期的混乱 在人类对系统性红斑狼疮的发病机制一无所知的年代，尽管医生们也为它的治疗付出过种种的努力，但并没有取得任何的成功。1818年，英国伦敦医生威伦总结道：“我无法提到任何药物对其治疗有帮助”，换句话说就是无药可治。即使到了十九世纪，多种现代药物和疗法被尝试应用到对系统性红斑狼疮的治疗上，比如水杨酸和碘仿等局部疗法以及紫外线光疗，依然未能给这一疾病的治疗带来显著改善。 2. 抗炎和免疫抑制剂的应用 系统性红斑狼疮的治疗的突破，是在医学界对这一疾病的免疫属性有了基本的认知之后。其中突破性的成就就是英国药学家亨奇发现糖皮质激素显著提升炎症性疾病的生存率，并因此获得了1950年的诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。因为糖皮质激素的应用，系统性红斑狼疮的5年生存率由30%跃升到了91%。糖皮质激素是机体内极为重要的一类调节分子，参与了免疫功能的调节，也是临床上使用最为广泛而有效的抗炎和免疫抑制剂。从此以后，越来越多的抗炎和（或）免疫抑制剂被开发了出来，并且应用到了包括系统性红斑狼疮在内的免疫类疾病的治疗中，成为了这些疾病的一线药物。 3. 靶向生物学制剂 二十世纪末，生物治疗兴起给系统性红斑狼疮的治疗带来了新的方向，其中代表性的药物就是贝利尤单抗和泰它西普。因为自身抗体在系统性红斑狼疮发病过程中的至关重要的作用，B细胞—自身抗体的生成细胞--成为生物制剂疗法的主要靶点。贝利尤单抗是B淋巴细胞刺激因子（BLys）的靶向抑制剂，能够抑制自身反应性B细胞的成熟。2011年，美国食品及药品监督管理局（FDA）批准了贝利尤单抗治疗系统性红斑狼疮的适应症，让它成为了被批准的首个治疗这一疾病的生物学制剂。2021年，由我国自主研发的同时能够抑制B淋巴细胞刺激因子以及增殖诱导配体的生物学制剂—泰它西普—由中国国家药品监督管理局批准用于对系统性红斑狼疮的治疗。除了贝利尤单抗和泰它西普，利妥昔单抗（一种针对B细胞表面分子CD20 的抗体，能够有效地剔除患者体内的B细胞）也被用来治疗难治性的系统性红斑狼疮。 4. CAR-T疗法—系统性红斑狼疮治愈的曙光 因为免疫反应的失调以及自身抗原在体内的持续存在，绝大多数自身免疫目前都不能被完全治愈，系统性红斑狼疮也不例外。但最新的科学进展，却给包括系统性红斑狼疮在内的多种自身免疫病的治愈带来了曙光，这就是近年来医学界热门的CAR-T疗法 (嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy)。这种基因工程免疫疗法最初用于肿瘤，如今也被引入到一些自身免疫病的治疗中[3]。 在系统性红斑狼疮的治疗中，CAR-T疗法主要针对患者的B细胞，旨在有效清除这些细胞。与传统的利妥昔单抗相比，CAR-T疗法在清除侵入组织中的B细胞方面可能具有更深层次的效果，从而为患者带来更为理想的治疗结果。若能完全清除相关的自身抗体生成来源，且后续再生的B细胞能够正常功能，这对许多由自身抗体介导的自身免疫疾病而言，或许提供了治愈的潜在希望。当然，这一突破性的疗法还处于它的起步阶段，需要也正在被提升和完善。 系统性红斑狼疮治疗方案的发展历程（图源：文献1 ， 略有修改） 03 沙白女士在哪些方面可以做得更好 毫无疑问，每个患者可以决定是否接受治疗，以及接受什么样得治疗方式。但当一名患者成为了公众人物，他（她）的疾病成为了百姓所讨论的话题，那么他（她）疾病的治疗和态度就有可能会影响其他的患者。在这种情况下，沙女士对系统性红斑狼疮的治疗的态度就是一个值得评论的主题。 从理性的角度来说，一名普通的系统性红斑狼疮患者可以比沙白女士在治疗上做得更好。 比如，有关资料显示沙女士拒绝激素治疗。在很多人眼中，激素带着 “依赖”、“肥胖”、“副作用大”这几个标签，这也是患者拒接激素治疗的主要理由。的确，大剂量的使用激素会带来一些副作用：短期内，糖皮质激素的并发症包括肥胖、高血压、2型糖尿病、感染易感性以及包括无菌性坏死和中风在内的不可逆损伤。长期后果包括白内障、骨质疏松性骨折和心血管疾病[4]。但需要强调的是，糖皮质激素在系统性红斑狼疮的治疗中所带来的好处是远大于其副作用的，因为它能在该病急性发作中迅速抑制免疫系统，从而缓解和控制病情。 为了尽量降低激素使用的副作用，2022年9月中华医学会风湿病学分会发布的《系统性红斑狼疮诊疗规范》中指出在维持治疗中尽可能使用小剂量糖皮质激素，也就是说激素使用的目标是尽快将剂量减少到每天≤7.5毫克，并维持所需的最低剂量。另外，其他一些抗炎和免疫抑制剂，包括羟氯喹及环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤、钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂、霉酚酸酯及甲氨蝶呤等，也成为了规范治疗系统性红斑狼疮的常用药物。正是这些的抗炎和免疫制剂的应用，让患者的生存时间得到了极大的延长。 总之，做为一名普通的系统性红斑狼疮患者，接受规范化的治疗是控制病情的关键。另外，因为该病在患者个体上的表现差异很大，所需要的治疗也会有所不同，需要在积极与医生的配合过程中摸索出适合于自己的疗法。大量的系统性红斑狼疮患者，因为接受了规范化的治疗，不仅病情得到了很好的控制，而且过上了和常人一样的生活。 关于沙女士对系统性红斑狼疮这一疾病的态度，还有一点值得关注。在她的vlog里，她身着露背短裙在海滩边享受着“日光浴”。享受生活当然是一件好事，但“日光浴”却并不适合系统性红斑狼疮患者。早在十九世纪便发现日光中的紫外线可以诱导皮肤细胞产生炎症反应，并可能促进凋亡细胞的积累，会诱导皮肤炎症，还可能加重系统性红斑狼疮病情，导致肾功能损害[5]。研究显示，接受过紫外线治疗的SLE患者，其肾功能损害发生率比未暴露者高出20%至30%[6]。这点也可能是导致她的疾病持续进展不容忽视的因素。 04 疾病进展到严重的阶段的系统性红斑狼疮患者 可以怎么做？ 在系统性红斑狼疮进展到严重的阶段，沙女士因为肾脏功能的损伤不得不接受透析，不堪疾病折磨的她选择了安乐死，这份勇气和坦然赢得了不少人的尊敬。诚然，坦然赴死是个人的自由，也需要不小的勇气。但做为医生，我想说的是，即使系统性红斑狼疮进展到这一阶段，患者还是有更好的选择。 对于晚期系统性红斑狼疮患者，治疗选择正逐渐多样化，尤其是CAR-T疗法的崛起。临床研究表明，CAR-T治疗能够有效改善系统性红斑狼疮患者的健康状况，甚至在多次治疗无效的情况下也能产生积极效果。比如，2024年美国风湿病学会将分享靶向CD19的CAR-T疗法CC-97540的初步临床结果（详见美国风湿病学会 ACR官网）。该疗法中，患者经过血液采集和细胞工程改造后接受治疗，初步数据显示良好的安全性与有效性，尤其在难治性系统性红斑狼疮患者中表现突出[7]。 与此同时，对于肾功能严重受损的系统性红斑狼疮患者来说，肾移植作为终末期肾病的另一重要选择，能显著提高生活质量，成功率也相对乐观。倘若能找到合适的供体，移植后的肾脏存活率可达60-70%，在一项长期随访研究中发现系统性红斑狼疮肾移植患者10年生存率达71% [8]。这一切都表明，即使在疾病的晚期，患者仍有希望和选择。 总之，对于狼疮的治疗，医学界一直在努力，而且越来越多的治疗方案，并且看到了治愈的曙光。所以，狼疮患者也请不要放弃。 致谢：感谢知识分子专栏作家商周在写作过程中给予的帮助。  参考文献：（上下滑动可浏览）  1.Felten R, Lipsker D, Sibilia J, et al. The history of lupus throughout the ages. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022,87(6):1361-1369. 2.Chan O T M, Madaio M R, Shlomchik M J, et al. Immunological reviews, 1999, 169(1): 107-121. 3.English Emily P,Swingler Rachel N,Patwa Simran et al. Engineering CAR-T therapies for autoimmune disease and beyond.[J] .Sci Transl Med, 2024, 16: eado2084. 4.中华医学会风湿病学分会.系统性红斑狼疮诊断及治疗指南[J]. 中华风湿病学杂志, 2010,14(5): 342‐346. 5.Skopelja-Gardner Sladjana,Tai Joyce,Sun Xizhang et al. Acute skin exposure to ultraviolet light triggers neutrophil-mediated kidney inflammation.[J] .Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2021, 118: undefined. 6.Kolios AGA, Tsokos GC. Skin-kidney crosstalk in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021 May;17(5):253-254. 7.English Emily P,Swingler Rachel N,Patwa Simran et al. Engineering CAR-T therapies for autoimmune disease and beyond.[J] .Sci Transl Med, 2024, 16: eado2084. 8.ZHANG L, LEE G, LIU X, et al. Long-term outcomes of end-stage kidney disease for patients with lupus nephritis [J]. Kidney Int, 2016, 89(6): 1337-45. 亲爱的读者们，不星标《知识分子》公众号，会错过每日科学新知！星标《知识分子》，紧跟前沿科学，一起探索科学的奥秘吧！   请戳上图卡片添加星标 关注《知识分子》视频号 get更多有趣、有料的科普内容 END