Atropine Sulfate

To investigate optic nerve head (ONH) changes over 15 years from childhood to adulthood.

A longitudinal study.

The Atropine Treatment Long-Term Assessment Study (ATLAS) included 148 myopic participants from the Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2 (ATOM2) trial.

During ATOM2, all participants were treated with daily atropine eye drops in concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, or 0.5%. The ATLAS recall visit was conducted in 2021-2022. At 3 study visits-ATOM2 baseline, last ATOM2 (5-year), and ATLAS recall (15-year)-participants underwent cycloplegic autorefractometry, biometry, and fundus photography. At recall, OCT centered on the optic disc was additionally performed. Fundus photographs were morphometrically examined for ONH ovality, torsion, parapapillary atrophy (PPA), disc-fovea distance, position of the central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT), angle kappa, and vertical distance between the arterial arcade. OCT images were analyzed for Bruch membrane opening distance, gamma zone, and Bruch membrane overhang.

Optic nerve head changes from childhood to young adulthood and associated factors.

Optic nerve head characteristics were similar across atropine treatment groups. Myopic refractive error increased from -4.54 ± 1.64 diopters (D) at baseline to -6.35 ± 2.02 D at 5 years to -6.88 ± 2.4 D at 15 years (P < 0.0001). Axial length (AL) increased from a mean of 25.08 ± 0.89 mm to 26.31 ± 1.01 mm (P < 0.0001). Significant ONH changes after 15 years included PPA (beta zone/maximal disc diameter) increasing from 0.19 ± 0.11 to 0.31 ± 0.15 (P < 0.0001), and CRVT position ratio increasing from 1.62 ± 0.22 to 2.23 ± 0.5 (P < 0.0001). Multivariable mixed-effect models confirmed the association of age, AL, and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) with optic disc changes (P < 0.0001). Axial length, SER, and PPA were associated with the Bruch membrane opening distance area and the gamma zone (P values <0.0001). Additionally, age (P < 0.0001), PPA ratio (P = 0.002), and disc-fovea distance ratio (P = 0.030) were found to be associated with myopic progression greater than -2D over a 15-years period.

This long-term study suggests that myopic subjects showed increased PPA and nasal CRVT shift from childhood into young adulthood.

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

This study employed density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the mechanisms by which hyoscyamine (HYO) and zonisamide (ZNS) inhibit acid corrosion in mild steel. Examining electrical characteristics, surface binding, and inhibitory mechanisms, the study aimed to elucidate the relationship between molecular architectures and protective efficacy. Although protonation in acidic environments alters the effectiveness of both chemicals, DFT simulations show that they both efficiently decrease corrosion. The high electron-donating and accepting capabilities of the frontier electron spectroscopic HOMO and LUMO orbitals enabled the formation of strong charge-transfer bonds with iron atoms. The more effective alternative was ZNS as compared to HYO, which had a bigger energy gap (5.29 eV). The strong interactions between metals and inhibitors have been explained by finding reactive areas on oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms by molecular electrostatic potential studies and Fukui indices. The MD simulations confirmed the stable surface adsorption; HYO had a lower binding energy (256.217 kcal/mol) compared to ZNS (293.588 kcal/mol). The chemical adsorption of both inhibitors at a 3.5 Å radius from the surface was mainly driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. Computational methods, combined with experimental data, indicate that both compounds exhibit high corrosion resistance. With more active binding sites, a narrower energy gap, and greater surface binding, ZNS outperforms the other. These results shed light on a potential approach to mitigating industrial acid corrosion and provide valuable insights for developing more effective corrosion inhibitors.