Naproxen Sodium

pH‐responsive supramolecular polymeric vesicles were successfully developed through the host–guest complexation of two biocompatible and water‐soluble saccharides: sulfobutylether‐β‐cyclodextrin (SCD) and N‐dodecyl chitosan (DCS). Extensive characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the structural robustness of the vesicles, which exhibited effective self‐assembly in acidic conditions and disassembly in alkaline environments. To evaluate the drug‐loading capacity and pH‐responsive release properties, naproxen sodium (NS), a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, was encapsulated as a model compound. In vitro release studies simulating gastrointestinal pH conditions (2.0, 6.8, and 8.5) demonstrated minimal drug release of (28.34 ± 1.02)% at low pH and significantly enhanced release of (56.57 ± 1.68)% and (86.96 ± 1.29)% at neutral and slightly alkaline pH, respectively. The system exhibited an initial burst release followed by sustained release, aligning with the therapeutic requirements for rapid onset and prolonged action. These findings highlight the potential of SCD/DCS supramolecular vesicles as a versatile platform for targeted oral drug delivery, particularly for drugs requiring intestinal release.

Supramolecular vesicles self‐assembled via sulfobutylether‐β‐cyclodextrin (SCD) and N‐dodecyl chitosan (DCS) host–guest complexation.Vesicles exhibited stability in acidic pH and disassembled in alkaline conditions.Naproxen sodium‐loaded vesicles displayed pH‐sensitive release properties.Drug release occurred in neutral to alkaline pH, ideal for intestinal delivery.

Zebrafish have emerged as a central model organism in toxicological research. Zebrafish embryos are exempt from certain animal testing regulations, which facilitates their use in toxicological testing. Next to the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test (ZFET) according to the OECD TG 236, fish embryos are used in mechanistic investigations, chemical screenings, ecotoxicology, and drug development. However, inconsistencies in the applied test protocols and the monitored endpoints in addition to a lack of standardized data formats impede comprehensive meta-analyses and cross-study comparisons. To address these challenges, we developed the Integrated Effect Database for Toxicological Observations (INTOB), a comprehensive data management tool that standardizes the collection of metadata and phenotypic observations using a controlled vocabulary. By incorporating data from more than 600 experiments into the database and subsequent comprehensive data analyses, we demonstrate its utility in improving the comparability and interoperability of toxicity data. Our results show that the ZFET can detect toxicity spanning 7 orders of magnitude at the scale of effect concentrations. We also highlight the potential of read-across analyses based on morphological fingerprints and their connection to chemical modes of action, provide information on control variability of the ZFET, and highlight the importance of time for mechanistic understanding in chemical exposure-effect assessments. We provide the full Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data set as well as the analysis workflow and demonstrate how professional data management, as enabled with INTOB, marks a significant advancement by offering a comprehensive framework for the systematic use of zebrafish embryo toxicity data, thus paving the way for more reliable, data-driven chemical risk assessment.