Gout is a crystal-related arthropathy caused by purine metabolism disorder or decreased uric acid excretion. It can manifest as acute recurrent arthritis, tophus formation, tophaceous chronic arthritis, and urate nephropathy, with severe cases potentially leading to joint disability, renal insufficiency, and damage to other vital organs.Poor long-term control of uric acid levels may result in the progression of refractory gout in some patients, characterized by persistently elevated serum uric acid levels, recurrent acute arthritis, and multiple or progressive tophi, severely affecting quality of life and imposing a significant economic burden on patients.Currently, clinical research on refractory gout is relatively limited, and both domestic and international guidelines continue to recommend uric acid-lowering therapy to slow disease progression.However, due to poor adherence, intolerance to uric acid-lowering drugs, or dose limitations caused by coexisting chronic kidney disease, achieving target serum uric acid levels in these patients is often difficult, and their clinical symptoms are challenging to alleviate effectively.
In recent years, thermotherapy, as a non-pharmacological treatment modality, has garnered increasing attention for its effects in alleviating chronic pain, promoting blood circulation, and reducing inflammatory responses.Its primary mechanisms include: 1) increasing local temperature to influence the solubility of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, promoting their dissolution, reducing gout attacks, and accelerating the resolution of gout flares;2) elevated local temperature promotes vasodilation and blood circulation, increasing the supply of oxygen and nutrients, facilitating the clearance of uric acid and inflammatory mediators;3) thermotherapy enhances local immune responses by boosting cellular phagocytic activity; 4) it may act as a stimulus transmitted to the central nervous system alongside pain impulses, disrupting pain transmission pathways and resulting in the attenuation or elimination of pain sensations. In recent years, thermotherapy has been widely used in clinical practice as a non-invasive, adjunctive treatment for various conditions, such as tumors, lumbar disc herniation, chronic prostatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea, and osteoarthritis, due to its proven efficacy, non-invasive nature, and minimal adverse effects.A study from China demonstrated that thermotherapy has significant therapeutic effects on patients with acute gout attacks, effectively alleviating acute symptoms and reducing inflammatory responses. In this study, the overall clinical efficacy rate of the treatment group (thermotherapy combined with conventional therapy) was significantly higher at 90.0% compared to 72.5% in the control group. Moreover, on day 1 and day 3 post-treatment, the VAS scores of the treatment group (4.11±0.76, 3.23±0.53) were significantly lower than those of the control group (5.23±1.21, 4.23±0.76), and the treatment group had lower ESR and CRP levels than the control group after treatment (P<0.05).Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of thermotherapy in reducing gout attacks. However, there is currently no large-scale, multicenter clinical research evidence evaluating the clinical effectiveness of thermotherapy in patients with refractory gout.
In summary, considering the critical regulatory role of temperature in the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals and the fundamental principles of extracorporeal high-frequency thermotherapy, we hypothesize that extracorporeal high-frequency thermotherapy could reasonably reduce MSU crystal burden, lower uric acid levels, alleviate local inflammation, and decrease the frequency of gout attacks through its thermal effects.This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal high-frequency thermotherapy in patients with refractory gout through a randomized controlled trial, exploring its effects on reducing gout attack frequency, improving uric acid metabolism, and alleviating inflammation. Additionally, the study will assess the impact of thermotherapy on patients' quality of life, physical function, and metabolic parameters, with the goal of providing new effective strategies for the treatment of refractory gout in the future.