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学文献
系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,由于免疫系统长期处于异常激活状态,患者在疾病进展和治疗过程中可能面临多种安全性事件,其中感染风险尤为突出。研究显示,SLE患者总体严重感染风险约为普通人群的2.96倍,肺炎、带状疱疹和结核感染发生率均显著升高;目前,感染已经成为我国SLE患者死亡的首位原因1-3。因此,在控制疾病活动的同时,如何减少长期治疗带来的安全风险,成为SLE管理的重要目标。
图1 SLE患者感染风险远高于普通人群
(普通人群风险=1.0 (参照基线))
安心之选:B细胞靶向生物制剂可使严重感染风险降低22%
糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂通过广泛抑制免疫反应控制SLE疾病活动,但同时也会影响机体正常的免疫防御功能。研究显示,SLE患者感染风险与激素使用相关,且随激素剂量的升高而增加4。同样,使用免疫抑制剂治疗的患者感染风险为未使用者的2.24倍5。面对这一困境,SLE逐步迈入靶向治疗时代,随着生物制剂陆续获批应用于临床,也给患者带来了更多新的治疗选择。
通过靶向调节B细胞及其相关免疫通路,生物制剂作用更加精准,可使患者严重感染风险降低21%,因严重感染住院风险降低27%6。目前,用于SLE治疗的生物制剂按作用机制大致可分为三类:一类是以泰它西普、贝利尤单抗为代表的间接靶向B细胞药物,整体安全性较好;第二类是直接靶向B细胞的耗竭类药物,如利妥昔单抗、奥妥珠单抗等,感染风险相对较高;第三类是作用于I型干扰素通路的生物制剂,如阿尼鲁单抗,长期应用可能增加带状疱疹、呼吸道感染等风险。
🔹 泰它西普SAE 7.2%,严重感染患者比例仅为1.2%
泰它西普III期临床研究纳入335例活动性SLE患者,在标准治疗基础上随机接受泰它西普160 mg或安慰剂治疗52周。研究结果显示:泰它西普组严重不良事件发生率为7.2%,低于安慰剂组的14.3%;其中严重感染事件患者比例仅为1.2%;未观察到治疗相关死亡事件7。这一结果说明,在标准治疗基础上加入泰它西普,并未明显增加严重感染风险,整体安全性表现良好。此外,一项中国SLE患者长期真实世界研究显示,泰它西普随访36个月,整体不良事件发生率为34.0%,研究期间未发生严重感染、严重不良事件或死亡,进一步支持其长期应用的安全性8。
SAE:严重不良事件;AE:不良事件
表1泰它西普与安慰剂两组患者治疗期间不良事件发生情况
🔹 贝利尤单抗SAE 15.0%,感染相关严重不良事件比例为5.4%
贝利尤单抗安全性数据主要来源于一项事后汇总分析,该研究整合了1项II期和5项III期随机、安慰剂对照临床研究数据,共纳入4170例成人SLE患者,在标准治疗基础上随机接受贝利尤单抗或安慰剂治疗。总体来看,贝利尤单抗联合标准治疗具有良好的安全性特征,其严重不良事件及感染相关严重不良事件发生率均处于较低水平9。
表2贝利尤单抗与安慰剂两组患者
治疗期间不良事件发生情况
虽然泰它西普和贝利尤单抗均表现出良好的安全性特征,但两者的作用机制并不完全相同。贝利尤单抗是一种单克隆抗体,通过靶向B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS),抑制B细胞存活与成熟;泰它西普则同时靶向BLyS和增殖诱导配体(APRIL),阻断两条B细胞生存信号通路,更全面地调节B细胞及浆细胞相关免疫反应10。从机制上推测,融合蛋白的抗原结合区域与Fc区域相对独立,理论上可能减少ADA对功能性结合的影响。研究显示泰它西普ADA阳性率仅为5.6%11,提示其免疫原性风险较低。
图2 贝利尤单抗与泰它西普分子结构及ADA结合位点示意图
B细胞耗竭剂及干扰素抑制剂:需警惕感染相关安全性风险
在其它靶向生物制剂中,抗CD20单抗(如利妥昔单抗、奥妥珠单抗)通过直接耗竭B细胞发挥免疫抑制作用,可能导致B细胞持续减少,增加患者的感染风险。EXPLORER研究数据显示,接受利妥昔单抗治疗的SLE患者严重不良事件发生率为37.9%,高于安慰剂的36.4%,感染相关严重不良事件发生率为9.5%12;奥妥珠单抗ALLEGORY III期研究结果表明,在活动性SLE患者中,治疗52周时总体感染发生率为68.2%,感染相关严重不良事件发生率为8.6%,均高于安慰剂组的54.3%和4.6%13。
除抗CD20单抗之外,阿尼鲁单抗通过长期抑制IFN信号传导,也可能让患者面临更高的感染风险。TULIP III期及长期扩展研究汇总显示,使用阿尼鲁单抗治疗严重不良事件发生率为26.3%,而安慰剂组为25.3%,感染相关严重不良事件发生率为9.8%,特别是带状疱疹发生风险高14。
表3 利妥昔单抗、奥妥珠单抗及阿尼鲁单抗与安慰剂治疗
不良事件发生情况
以上结果提示,此类生物制剂的感染相关安全性仍值得关注,因此在控制疾病活动的同时,如何在保证疗效的基础上降低感染风险,是SLE长期治疗需要重点考虑的问题。
总结
🔹 SLE患者本身感染风险较高,长期治疗不仅要控制疾病活动,还需关注感染及治疗相关不良事件;
🔹 真实世界研究数据显示,泰它西普整体安全性表现良好,治疗期间严重感染事件患者比例仅为1.2%;且长期随访中未观察到严重不良事件,为其长期规范应用提供了证据支持。
参考文献:
1. Wu XY, Yang M, Xie YS, et al. Causes of death in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 10-year multicenter nationwide Chinese cohort. Clin Rheumatol, 2019, 38(1):107-115.
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6. Materne E, Choi H, Zhou B, et al. Comparative risks of infection with belimumab versus oral immunosuppressants in patients with nonrenal systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(11):1994-2002.
7. van Vollenhoven RF, Wang L, Merrill JT, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Telitacicept for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;393(15):1475-1485.
8. Wei Y, Shao Y, Wang X, et al. A BAFF/APRIL dual inhibitor for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a long-term, observational, real-world study[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2026, 28(1):34.
9. Wallace DJ, Atsumi T, Daniels M, et al. Safety of belimumab in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a large integrated analysis of controlled clinical trial data. Lupus. 2022;31(13):1649-1659.
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11. Xie J, Fan X, Su Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics, Safety, and Tolerability of Telitacicept, an Injectable Recombinant Human B-Lymphocyte Stimulating Factor Receptor-Antibody Fusion Protein, in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development. 2022;11(11):1273-1283.
12. Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Evaluation of Rituximab Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):222-233.
13. Furie RA, Dall’Era M, Vital EM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Obinutuzumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2026;395(3):243-254.
14. Kalunian KC, Furie R, Morand EF, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Extension Trial of the Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(2):253-265. DOI: 10.1002/art.42392.
参考文献:
[1] Wu D, Li J, Xu D, et al. Telitacicept in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(4):475-487. doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224854.
[2] Huang L, Qian G, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy of Telitacicept in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with suboptimal response to Belimumab: A case report. Lupus. 2024;33(2):172-175. doi:10.1177/09612033231221911.
[3] Fan Q, Yang H, Liu Y. Safety and efficacy of telitacicept in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus patients who failed treatment with belimumab : A case series. Z Rheumatol. 2024;83(5):387-392. doi:10.1007/s00393-023-01461-z..
[4] Mai Y, Pai P, Li T, et al. Recurrent Palpitation in a Young Man with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Undergoing Belimumab with Resolution After Switching to Telitacicept. J Clin Rheumatol Immunol. 2024;24(Suppl. Issue):67-68. doi:10.1142/S2661341724740481.
[5] Jin HZ, Cai ML, Wang X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Belimumab and Telitacicept in systemic lupus erythematosus: a real-world, retrospective, observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(1):247-256. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07266-y.
[6] Feng T, Zhang M, Wang J, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of belimumab and telitacicept in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a retrospective, observational study. Clin Exp Med. 2025;25(1):105. doi:10.1007/s10238-025-01640-z.
[7] Lee YH, Song GG. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Telitacicept vs. Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmacology. 2026:1-16. doi:10.1159/000553545.
[8] Qian J, Lv X, Hu Y, et al. Effects of telitacicept and belimumab on systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):45506. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29929-9.
[9] Ma X, Wang Y, Liang Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Telitacicept in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Pharm Des. 2026. doi:10.2174/0113816128420479251218010807.
[10] 李浩, 等. 中国全科医学. 2025. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0864
[11] Ding Z, Zhang H, Huang F, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Biologics for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68(1):70. doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09082-x.
[12] Wei Y, Shao Y, Wang X, et al. A BAFF/APRIL dual inhibitor for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a long-term, observational, real-world study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2026;28(1):34. doi:10.1186/s13075-025-03724-3.
[13] van Vollenhoven RF, Wang L, Merrill JT, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Telitacicept for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(15):1475-1485. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2414719.
[14] Ji L, Geng Y, Zhang X, et al. B cell pathway dual inhibition for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective single-arm cohort study of telitacicept. MedComm (2020). 2024;5(4):e515. doi:10.1002/mco2.515.
参考文献:
[1] Wu D, Li J, Xu D, et al. Telitacicept in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(4):475-487. doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224854.
[2] Huang L, Qian G, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy of Telitacicept in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with suboptimal response to Belimumab: A case report. Lupus. 2024;33(2):172-175. doi:10.1177/09612033231221911.
[3] Fan Q, Yang H, Liu Y. Safety and efficacy of telitacicept in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus patients who failed treatment with belimumab : A case series. Z Rheumatol. 2024;83(5):387-392. doi:10.1007/s00393-023-01461-z..
[4] Mai Y, Pai P, Li T, et al. Recurrent Palpitation in a Young Man with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Undergoing Belimumab with Resolution After Switching to Telitacicept. J Clin Rheumatol Immunol. 2024;24(Suppl. Issue):67-68. doi:10.1142/S2661341724740481.
[5] Jin HZ, Cai ML, Wang X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Belimumab and Telitacicept in systemic lupus erythematosus: a real-world, retrospective, observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(1):247-256. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07266-y.
[6] Feng T, Zhang M, Wang J, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of belimumab and telitacicept in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a retrospective, observational study. Clin Exp Med. 2025;25(1):105. doi:10.1007/s10238-025-01640-z.
[7] Lee YH, Song GG. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Telitacicept vs. Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmacology. 2026:1-16. doi:10.1159/000553545.
[8] Qian J, Lv X, Hu Y, et al. Effects of telitacicept and belimumab on systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):45506. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29929-9.
[9] Ma X, Wang Y, Liang Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Telitacicept in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Pharm Des. 2026. doi:10.2174/0113816128420479251218010807.
[10] 李浩, 等. 中国全科医学. 2025. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0864
[11] Ding Z, Zhang H, Huang F, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Biologics for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68(1):70. doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09082-x.
[12] Wei Y, Shao Y, Wang X, et al. A BAFF/APRIL dual inhibitor for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a long-term, observational, real-world study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2026;28(1):34. doi:10.1186/s13075-025-03724-3.
[13] van Vollenhoven RF, Wang L, Merrill JT, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Telitacicept for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(15):1475-1485. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2414719.
[14] Ji L, Geng Y, Zhang X, et al. B cell pathway dual inhibition for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective single-arm cohort study of telitacicept. MedComm (2020). 2024;5(4):e515. doi:10.1002/mco2.515.
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