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编者按:2025年11月19日-21日,第19届国际肝癌协会(ILCA)年会在中国香港召开,全球肝胆肿瘤领域专家齐聚一堂,共探疾病治疗新方向。胆管癌作为预后较差的消化道肿瘤,曾长期面临治疗手段单一的困境。会议期间,《肿瘤瞭望》专访了意大利米兰Humanitas大学Lorenza Rimassa教授,围绕胆管癌系统治疗的突破性进展、免疫治疗及未来研究方向等核心话题展开深入交流。Rimassa教授结合丰富临床经验与前沿试验数据,分享了化疗联合免疫、靶向治疗等多元化方案的临床应用逻辑,为优化治疗路径、改善患者预后提供了宝贵思路。
01
Rimassa教授,感谢您接受我们的采访。能否结合您的临床实践,谈谈近年来胆管癌系统治疗领域最具代表性的突破有哪些?这些进展如何改变了临床治疗路径,尤其是在一线与二线治疗中的决策逻辑?
Professor Rimassa, thank you very much for accepting our interview at ILCA 2025 in Hong Kong. From your clinical experience, what do you consider to be the most representative breakthroughs in systemic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma in recent years? How have these advances reshaped the clinical treatment pathways, particularly in terms of decision-making for first-line and second-line therapies?
Lorenza Rimassa 教授
意大利米兰Humanitas大学
感谢你们的邀请。过去,胆管癌患者仅有化疗这一种治疗选择,但近年来系统治疗手段已显著增多。目前在一线治疗中,我们可采用化疗联合免疫治疗的方案;而接受过一线治疗的患者,则可以使用相应的靶向药物。
具体而言,在一线治疗方面,TOPAZ-1与KEYNOTE-966两项III期临床试验明确证实了顺铂+吉西他滨的化疗方案,联合度伐利尤单抗或帕博利珠单抗等免疫治疗药物,不仅能显著延长患者总生存期,还能改善其他临床终点,且安全性良好。更重要的是,这种联合治疗方案能维持患者的生活质量,并未因在化疗基础上联合免疫治疗而导致生活质量恶化。对于预后本就较差的胆管癌患者而言,生活质量的保障与生存期延长同等重要。
另一方面,在采用化疗联合免疫治疗的患者中,高达45%的患者可能携带可靶向的基因突变,目前已有相应的靶向药物可匹配这些突变。因此,当前临床实践中一项关键工作就是要为患者开展全面的分子谱分析。理想情况下应采用下一代测序(NGS)技术,包括DNA与RNA的检测,以准确识别可靶向的突变类型。对于检测出明确可靶向突变的患者,靶向治疗已成为标准治疗方案。
例如,在肝内胆管癌患者中,临床中常见的可靶向突变包括IDH1突变、FGFR2基因融合、BRAF V600E突变等,部分针对这些突变的药物已在II期或III期临床试验中证实了明确的抗肿瘤活性,比如针对IDH1突变的Ivosidenib、针对FGFR2基因融合的Pemigatinib或Futibatinib,以及针对BRAF V600E突变的达拉非尼联合曲美替尼方案。
而在肝外胆管癌或胆囊癌患者中,HER2过表达较为常见,双特异性抗体Zanidatamab、抗体药物偶联物(ADC)德曲妥珠单抗等药物已获得部分监管机构的批准,用于既往接受过化疗或化疗联合免疫治疗的患者。
目前,部分靶向药物在一线治疗中的临床试验也正在进行中,未来或许能更早地将靶向治疗纳入一线选择。总体而言,胆管癌的治疗格局已发生巨大变化,尽管我们仍需持续探索更多有效治疗手段,但目前已能通过化疗联合免疫、靶向治疗等多元化方案,显著改善胆管癌患者的预后。
上下滑动查看英文对话
Prof. Lorenza Rimassa: Thank you for having me. In the past, patients with cholangiocarcinoma had only chemotherapy as a treatment option. However, in recent years, the therapeutic armamentarium has expanded significantly. We now have combinations of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the first-line setting, and for previously treated patients, we have multiple targeted therapies.
Starting from first-line therapy, two phase III trials—TOPAZ-1 and KEYNOTE-966—demonstrated that adding immunotherapy (Durvalumab or Pembrolizumab) to standard cisplatin–gemcitabine chemotherapy improves overall survival and other clinical endpoints. Importantly, this combination maintains quality of life with a good safety profile. Even though immunotherapy is added, quality of life does not worsen, which is crucial for cholangiocarcinoma patients given the overall poor prognosis.
For patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy, up to 45% may harbor actionable molecular alterations. Therefore, comprehensive molecular profiling—ideally using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of both DNA and RNA—is essential to identify these alterations. When actionable mutations are detected, targeted therapies become the standard of care.
For example, in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, common alterations include IDH1 mutations, FGFR2 fusions, and BRAF V600E mutations. We now have drugs with demonstrated activity in phase II or III trials: Ivosidenib for IDH1-mutated disease; Pemigatinib or Futibatinib for FGFR2 fusions; and Dabrafenib plus Trametinib for BRAF V600E mutations.
In extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, HER2 overexpression is one of the most frequent actionable alterations. Drugs such as Zanidatamab, a bispecific antibody, and trastuzumab deruxtecan, an antibody–drug conjugate, have been approved by regulatory agencies for previously treated patients. Moreover, several targeted therapies are now being investigated in the first-line setting, suggesting that in the future we may use these agents even earlier in treatment.
Overall, the treatment landscape for cholangiocarcinoma has evolved substantially. While more progress is still needed, we now have options that can meaningfully improve outcomes for our patients.
02
免疫治疗在CCA中的疗效仍存在较大异质性。您如何看待目前免疫治疗在不同亚型中的定位?
The efficacy of immunotherapy in CCA remains highly heterogeneous. How do you view the current role and positioning of immunotherapy across different CCA subtypes?
Lorenza Rimassa 教授
意大利米兰Humanitas大学
这个问题非常重要。确实,胆管癌或胆道癌具有高度异质性。目前已开展的免疫治疗III期临床试验,均纳入了所有不同亚型的胆管癌及胆道癌患者,但遗憾的是,我们目前尚无明确的特异性生物标志物或临床特征,可用于筛选出最可能从免疫治疗中获益的患者群体。
若我们观察这些III期试验的森林图(forest plot)及亚组分析结果,确实能观察到部分人群似乎呈现出更显著的获益趋势,但这些亚组分析的统计学检验效力有限,不足以明确证实免疫治疗在不同亚型间存在确切的疗效差异。因此,基于现有证据,我们不应以胆管癌的亚型作为免疫治疗方案选择的依据。也就是说,无论是肝内胆管癌、肝外胆管癌还是胆囊癌患者,化疗联合免疫治疗均为当前的标准治疗方案。
未来我们需要加强转化研究,探索可能用于患者筛选的生物标志物或临床因素。但就目前而言,所有符合条件的胆管癌患者都应考虑接受化疗联合免疫治疗。
上下滑动查看英文对话
Prof. Lorenza Rimassa: This is a very good question. We know that biliary tract cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, is highly heterogeneous. Unfortunately, the phase III trials evaluating immunotherapy included all subtypes of biliary tract cancers together, and we still lack specific biomarkers or clinical characteristics to clearly identify which patients benefit the most.
If we look at the subgroup analyses from these trials, some groups appear to show greater benefit. However, these analyses were not statistically powered to demonstrate differences in activity across individual subtypes. Therefore, based on current evidence, treatment decisions should not be made according to disease subtype.
At present, chemo-immunotherapy is the standard of care for all patients—whether they have intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, or gallbladder cancer. In the future, we need more robust translational research to determine whether biomarkers or clinical factors can help refine patient selection. But based on the current data, all patients should receive chemo-immunotherapy regardless of subtype.
03
我们大多数时候讨论的都是临床试验,但从临床研究到真实世界落地,您认为胆管癌新型全身治疗方案面临的最大转化挑战是什么?
Most of time we are talking about the clinical trials, but from clinical trials to real-world implementation, what do you see as the major translational challenges facing new systemic treatment approaches for CCA?
Lorenza Rimassa 教授
意大利米兰Humanitas大学
首先从临床实践层面来看,目前已有大量真实世界数据支持化疗联合免疫治疗方案的应用,特别是顺铂+吉西他滨联合度伐利尤单抗。多项基于全球超过1500例患者的大型真实世界研究显示,其疗效与安全性结果与III期临床试验高度一致。这让我们在临床应用中更有信心,确认了该方案在真实环境中的表现符合试验预期。
但从转化研究层面来看,我们仍需深入探索。正如之前提到的,无论是可靶向突变、分子通路还是其他分子特征,目前均无充分证据表明不同亚组患者对化疗联合免疫治疗存在疗效差异。因此,尽管我们已能将化疗联合免疫治疗方案安全有效地应用于临床实践,但我们仍需进一步积累分子特征方面的认知,以期未来能够为治疗选择提供更精准的指导。
上下滑动查看英文对话
Prof. Lorenza Rimassa: First, from a clinical practice perspective, we now have strong evidence supporting the use of chemo-immunotherapy, especially the combination of cisplatin-gemcitabine with Durvalumab. Real-world data—including a large cohort of more than 1,500 patients from multiple countries—show outcomes that are very consistent with those observed in phase III clinical trials. This reassures us that the benefits demonstrated in trials translate well into everyday clinical practice.
However, from a translational research perspective, there is still much to be done. As mentioned earlier, we currently do not have evidence of clearly different treatment responses among molecular subgroups. Analyses based on actionable alterations, pathways, or other molecular characteristics have not yet identified subpopulations with distinctly different outcomes on chemo-immunotherapy.
Therefore, while we can confidently apply chemo-immunotherapy in routine clinical practice, we still need to deepen our understanding of the molecular landscape and determine whether specific biomarkers can guide more personalized use of these treatments in the future.
04
展望未来,胆管癌领域最具转化潜力的治疗方向是什么,目前有哪些前期研究证据值得关注?
We will talk about the future. Looking ahead, which therapeutic directions in the CCA field hold the greatest translational potential and what early-stage research evidence is particularly worth watching?
Lorenza Rimassa 教授
意大利米兰Humanitas大学
未来胆管癌的发展方向可涵盖多个领域。首先,我们目前讨论多集中于晚期胆管癌患者,但早期患者同样值得关注。当前早期患者的标准治疗是术后辅助化疗。然而,约70%的患者术后会出现复发,这意味着我们亟需优化早期阶段的治疗策略。
为此,多项研究正探索在辅助治疗中采用化疗联合免疫治疗方案,也有试验将治疗进一步前移,在新辅助治疗阶段测试单纯化疗或化疗联合免疫治疗的疗效,目标是提升治愈机会、降低复发风险。
在晚期治疗领域,多个方向的研究正在推进。一线治疗方面,包括新型免疫治疗组合、化疗联合免疫治疗,以及化疗联合靶向药物的探索。例如,针对HER2过表达患者,已有试验在一线评估抗HER2药物联合免疫治疗与化疗的疗效。在二线及后线治疗中,针对经治患者的新靶向药物也在开发中,如在既往接受过Pemigatinib或Futibatinib治疗的FGFR2融合患者中,新型药物Tinengotinib已进入III期临床试验。这意味着胆管癌患者未来有望接受序贯靶向治疗,这是过去难以想象的突破。
总体而言,未来的潜力方向主要包括两方面:一是将现有最佳治疗方案(包括免疫治疗)前移至早期阶段;二是进一步优化晚期患者的系统治疗策略。
上下滑动查看英文对话
Prof. Lorenza Rimassa: For the future, several areas are emerging. First, although we often focus on patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, we also need to consider those diagnosed at an early stage. Currently, early-stage patients are treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, clinical trials are now evaluating the use of chemo-immunotherapy in the adjuvant setting, as well as chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting. This is important because even patients who undergo successful surgery still face relapse rates of up to 70%. Therefore, improving outcomes in early-stage disease—either by enhancing adjuvant therapy or shifting treatment to the neoadjuvant setting—is a key priority.
In advanced disease, multiple clinical trials are underway to explore different approaches. These include new combinations of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in the first-line setting, chemotherapy plus targeted agents in first line, and novel targeted therapies in second line and beyond. For example, in the first-line setting, trials are testing anti-HER2 therapies combined with chemo-immunotherapy for patients with HER2 overexpression. In patients previously treated for FGFR2 fusions, a phase III trial is evaluating Tinengotinib in those who have already received agents such as Pemigatinib or Futibatinib. This reflects a future in which patients may have sequential targeted treatment options—an approach that was not feasible in the past.
Overall, the most promising directions include moving the most effective therapies, including immunotherapy, into earlier disease stages, and expanding and refining systemic treatment options for advanced cancer to better personalize therapy and improve outcomes.
Lorenza Rimassa 教授
肿瘤内科学副教授
意大利米兰Humanitas大学肿瘤内科学副教授、意大利IRCCS Humanitas研究医院肿瘤内科副主任及胃肠道肿瘤学科带头人。
国际肝癌协会(ILCA)沟通委员会主席
ILCA理事会成员
美国国立癌症研究所(NCI)胃肠道指导委员会肝胆肿瘤工作组欧洲国际试验特别专家
欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织(EORTC)胃肠道肿瘤组肝胆胰肿瘤工作组成员
意大利肿瘤内科学会(AIOM)肝细胞癌指南编写委员会成员
意大利消化道肿瘤研究组基金会科学委员会成员
目前,她担任Liver Cancer International副主编,并任职于Journal of Hepatology、Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology、Cancers、Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma、Liver International、Scientific Reports等多个国际期刊的编委会。
(来源:《肿瘤瞭望》编辑部)
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