Topiramate

Synergistic reduction of carbon emissions and air pollution is the core means to address the two major strategic tasks of fundamentally improving the ecological environment and the 'Dual-carbon target'. The issue of synergistic reduction at the provincial level needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. Taking Henan Province, the largest economy in central China, as an example, this study uses environmentally extended input-output analysis and structural path analysis to identify the key sectors that contribute to CO₂, SO₂, and total particulate matter (TPM) emissions, and to sort out key emission pathways (e.g., Final Demand → Sector…). The results indicate that S2 (Mining of Fossil Energy), S10 (Nonmetal Mineral Products), S11 (Metal Smelting), S13 (Power and Heat) and S17 (Transportation) are mainly responsible for CO₂, SO₂, and TPM direct emissions on the production side, while S16 (Construction), S12 (Equipment) and S18 (Services) account for more than 45 % of CO₂, SO₂, and TPM embodied emissions on the consumption side. 32 shared emission pathways are extracted from the top 100 pathways for CO₂, SO₂, and TPM emissions, which account for 27 %-51 % of total emissions in Henan Province. P9 (Export → Nonmetal Mineral Products), P10 (Export → Metal Smelting) and P21 (Gross Capital Formation → Construction → Nonmetal Mineral Products) are the leading paths responsible for embodied emissions. The research results provide the foundation and guidance for well-designed mitigation policies, as well as a reference for better synergistic control in provinces facing similar situations.

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by multiple drug-resistant seizure types, presenting significant challenges for treatment. This comprehensive review examines seizure-type-specific response patterns to various therapeutic interventions in LGS. We conducted an extensive literature review of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and real-world evidence, covering research up to February 2025. Our analysis shows that atonic seizures respond particularly well to corpus callosotomy (CC) and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), with CC demonstrating superior efficacy. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) show favorable responses to antiseizure medications (ASMs) such as felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate, fenfluramine, lacosamide, and perampanel. Myoclonic seizures tend to respond better to clonazepam, topiramate, zonisamide, brivaracetam, and perampanel, but may show limited responsiveness to neuromodulation and CC. Atypical absence seizures may respond to valproate, topiramate, and rufinamide, but show poor responses to brivaracetam and perampanel. The ketogenic diet and resective epilepsy surgery demonstrate broad efficacy across seizure types, although specific data for each type remain limited. VNS is most effective for atonic and tonic seizures, with less consistent responses in GTCS and focal seizures. Emerging neuromodulation techniques, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS), show promise, particularly for tonic and GTCS, but further investigation is needed. This review underscores the importance of tailoring treatment to predominant seizure types and calls for more rigorous, seizure-type-specific outcome reporting in future clinical trials, along with the need for long-term studies. The findings advocate for a precision, network-based approach to treatment, where therapeutic decisions are guided by individual seizure patterns and supported by evidence-based, seizure-type-specific efficacy data.