预约演示

更新于：2026-02-06

Morphine Sulfate

硫酸吗啡

更新于：2026-02-06

概要

基本信息

简介硫酸吗啡是一种特殊而有效的药物，可选择性地靶向体内的阿片受体，提供无与伦比的疼痛缓解及其相关效果。作为激动剂，它可以刺激 mu、kappa 和 delta 阿片受体，结合并激活这些特定受体，并作为控制剧烈疼痛（例如癌症或手术后引起的疼痛）的完美选择。该药物经过广泛的监管审查，并于 1984 年 9 月获得批准。从那时起，它已成为一种广泛使用和值得信赖的疼痛管理手段，尽管它是一种受控物质，由于其可能被滥用和成瘾，需要医疗保健提供者的处方。患者应注意与硫酸吗啡相关的一系列潜在副作用，包括头晕、恶心、便秘、呼吸抑制等。因此，让患者充分了解与其使用相关的风险并严格遵守其医疗保健提供者的指导至关重要。

药物类型

小分子化药

别名

Morphine Sulfate Hydrate、Morphinhydrochloricum、EG-P066

+ [36]

靶点

Opioid receptors

作用方式

激动剂

作用机制

Opioid receptors激动剂(阿片样受体激动剂)

治疗领域

神经系统疾病其他疾病

在研适应症

急性疼痛癌症疼痛疼痛+ [1]

非在研适应症

麻醉关节痛拇外翻+ [8]

原研机构

Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.

在研机构

Fresenius Kabi USA LLCHikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.

国药集团药业股份有限公司

+ [8]

非在研机构

Egalet Ltd.

Pfizer Inc.

Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

+ [9]

权益机构

Inspirion Delivery Sciences LLC

Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.

最高研发阶段批准上市

首次获批日期

美国 (1984-09-18),

慢性疼痛

最高研发阶段(中国)临床3期

特殊审评快速通道 (美国)

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结构/序列

分子式C34H40N2O10S

InChIKeyUSAHOPJHPJHUNS-IFCNUISUSA-N

CAS号64-31-3

关联

1,149

项与硫酸吗啡相关的临床试验

NCT06854211

/ Not yet recruiting早期临床1期IIT

Mechanisms of Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression (OIRD) During Sleep

The investigators are studying the impact that opioids have on breathing during sleep in healthy participants and those diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea.

开始日期2026-07-01

申办/合作机构

The Brigham & Women's Hospital, Inc.

CTIS2024-520262-58-01

/ Not yet recruiting临床4期IIT

Multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial comparing single dose intrathecal morphine and continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for multimodal analgesia in open colorectal surgery: the ColoREDIT protocol

开始日期2026-05-04

申办/合作机构-

NCT07288528

/ Not yet recruiting临床4期IIT

A 2x2 Factorial, Randomized, Open-label Trial to Evaluate Neuromodulators and Cough Control Therapy in Patients With Refractory or Unexplained Chronic Cough (FORTITUDE)

The FORTITUDE trial will provide head-to-head evidence on the benefits and harms of two commonly prescribed neuromodulators (low-dose morphine and pregabalin), the effectiveness of a virtual cough control therapy, exploratory assessment of potential synergy in combining these interventions, and the long-term outcomes of these treatments in patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough.

开始日期2026-04-01

申办/合作机构

McMaster University

100 项与硫酸吗啡相关的临床结果

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100 项与硫酸吗啡相关的转化医学

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100 项与硫酸吗啡相关的专利（医药）

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28,859

项与硫酸吗啡相关的文献（医药）

2026-03-01·INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY

Initiation, cessation and resumption of attendance at the Melbourne supervised injecting room among a cohort of people who inject drugs

Article

作者: Stone, Jack ; Roxburgh, Amanda ; Higgs, Peter ; Kerr, Thomas ; Bravo, Belinda ; Stoove, Mark ; O'Keefe, Daniel ; Rathnayake, Kasun ; Artenie, Adelina ; Stewart, Ashleigh C ; Clark, Nico ; Agius, Paul ; Hickman, Matthew ; Dietze, Paul M ; Maher, Lisa

BACKGROUND:

Supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) reduce drug-related harms and associated costs, but evidence is limited to a few settings. This study estimates rates of initiation, cessation, and resumption of Melbourne's Medically Supervised Injecting Room (MSIR) use among a cohort of people who inject drugs.

METHODS:

Data were drawn from SuperMIX, an ongoing cohort study since 2008. Participants complete baseline and annual surveys, including MSIR use since its opening on 30 June 2018. We reported baseline characteristics and calculated incidence rates (IRs) of MSIR initiation, cessation, and resumption, stratified by recent homelessness and opiate agonist therapy (OAT) use, per 1000 person-years (PY).

RESULTS:

Of 1650 eligible participants, 685 (42%) reported MSIR use at baseline. MSIR attenders were slightly older (median 43 vs. 41 years) and less often female (28% vs. 35%) than non-attenders. Most (71%) were infrequent attenders (<50% injections at MSIR). Frequent attenders (n = 202) injected more often (median monthly injections = 50) than infrequent (median = 30) and non-attenders (median = 20). The MSIR initiation rate was 525 per 1000 PY, similar between frequent and infrequent attenders (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.94-1.28). The cessation rate was 264 per 1000 PY, with no difference between attendance groups (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.60-2.04). The resumption rate was 250 per 1000 PY, also similar across infrequent and frequent attenders (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.47-2.09).

CONCLUSIONS:

We found high MSIR service uptake, relative to cessation. Attendance was higher among men, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, and those recently homeless, with frequent attenders injecting more often and those on OAT less likely to attend frequently.

2026-01-01·ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA

Intrathecal Hydromorphone Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial

Article

作者: Dobrowlanski, Aldo ; Sebbag, Ilana ; Singh, Sudha Indu ; Armstrong, Kevin ; Cheng, Sonny ; Bartolacci, John ; Jones, Philip M.

BACKGROUND::

Spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine is often the preferred anesthetic modality for elective cesarean delivery. Side effects and drug shortages, however, prompted researchers to look into intrathecal hydromorphone as an alternative. These studies established the effective analgesic dose for 90% of patients (ED90) for both opioids for postcesarean analgesia, yet failed to demonstrate the superiority of morphine over hydromorphone. Nonetheless, the noninferiority of hydromorphone has yet to be determined.

METHODS::

In this noninferiority randomized blinded clinical trial, 126 patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia received either morphine 150 µg or hydromorphone 75 µg (ED90). The primary outcome was the between-group difference of the mean Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score (0–10) for the first 24 hours after cesarean delivery, with a preestablished threshold for noninferiority of 1. This 24-hour NRS pain score was defined as a single number obtained at the 24 hours postcesarean delivery interview, based on participant’s recall of their overall pain experience during this period. Secondary outcomes included differences in NRS pain scores every 6 hours, cumulative 24 hour opioid consumption, time-to-first opioid request, quality of recovery as measured by the Obstetric Quality of Recovery Score-11 (ObsQoR-11), frequency of interventions for side effects, and Apgar scores.

RESULTS::

The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of the 24-hour NRS pain score was 4.0 (1.7) for morphine and 3.6 (1.5) for hydromorphone (between-group difference –0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], –1.0 to 0.1). Given that the upper limit of the 95% CI did not exceed 1, noninferiority of hydromorphone was established. No statistically significant differences were found in mean (SD) 24 hour oral morphine consumption (morphine: 4.2 mg (6.5) vs hydromorphone: 4.1 (8.0) mg; P = .98), median [interquartile range {IQR}] ObsQoR-11 score (morphine: score 87 [75–97.5] vs hydromorphone: score 90 [80–96.5]; P = .51), median [IQR] time to first opioid request (morphine: 10.2 [3.2–15.5] h versus hydromorphone: 6.2 [3.1–12.4] h; P = .35), or proportion of patients requiring interventions for opioid-related pruritus (morphine: 0.316 (variance 0.216) vs hydromorphone: 0.321 (variance 0.218) ( P = .96) and opioid-related nausea and vomiting (morphine: 0.333 (variance 0.222) vs hydromorphone: 0.393 (variance 0.238) ( P = .51).

CONCLUSIONS::

Intrathecally, hydromorphone is noninferior to morphine for analgesia after elective cesarean delivery when using the previously established ED90 for both opioids (morphine: 150 µg versus hydromorphone: 75 µg); hydromorphone provides effective analgesia and may be a suitable alternative to morphine.

2025-12-31·Gut Microbes

Gut dysbiosis was inevitable, but tolerance was not: temporal responses of the murine microbiota that maintain its capacity for butyrate production correlate with sustained antinociception to chronic morphine

Article

作者: Whistler, Jennifer L ; Calawa, Jennifer ; Rosa, Zachary ; Whistler, Cheryl A ; Felth, Lindsey ; Pavlik, Nadia ; Foxall, Randi ; Maret, Soren ; Sall, Izabella ; Gaur, Anirudh

The therapeutic benefits of opioids are compromised by the development of analgesic tolerance, which necessitates higher dosing for pain management thereby increasing the liability for drug dependence and addiction. Rodent models indicate opposing roles of the gut microbiota in tolerance: morphine-induced gut dysbiosis exacerbates tolerance, whereas probiotics ameliorate tolerance. Not all individuals develop tolerance, which could be influenced by differences in microbiota, and yet no study design has capitalized upon this natural variation. We leveraged natural behavioral variation in a murine model of voluntary oral morphine self-administration to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbiota influences tolerance. Although all mice shared similar morphine-driven microbiota changes that largely masked informative associations with variability in tolerance, our high-resolution temporal analyses revealed a divergence in the progression of dysbiosis that best explained sustained antinociception. Mice that did not develop tolerance maintained a higher capacity for production of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate known to bolster intestinal barriers and promote neuronal homeostasis. Both fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from donor mice that did not develop tolerance and dietary butyrate supplementation significantly reduced the development of tolerance independently of suppression of systemic inflammation. These findings could inform immediate therapies to extend the analgesic efficacy of opioids.

654

项与硫酸吗啡相关的新闻（医药）

2026-02-04

·药博士说健康

小细胞肺癌“救命药”盘点：这5类药物改写生存期！

点击蓝字关注我们温馨提示：点上方“蓝字”订阅我们，以免走失 “医生，我爸确诊小细胞肺癌，是不是没救了？”作为肺癌中恶性程度最高的亚型，小细胞肺癌（SCLC）曾被称为“癌中之王”——确诊时约70%已发生转移，传统化疗后复发率超90%，中位生存期仅8-10个月。但近年来，随着新药研发突破，SCLC治疗已从“姑息维持”转向“主动攻坚”。今天，药博士用5类药物带您看清SCLC的“救命武器库”。一、化疗“老将”EP方案：仍是基石，但不再是唯一如果把SCLC治疗比作一场战争，化疗就是“先锋部队”。自上世纪80年代至今，依托泊苷+顺铂/卡铂（EP/EC方案）仍是全球指南推荐的一线标准方案，尤其适用于广泛期患者。作用机制（通俗版）依托泊苷像“细胞复制刹车器”，阻止癌细胞分裂；顺铂/卡铂则是“DNA破坏者”，直接损伤癌细胞遗传物质。两者联用，让癌细胞“复制不了也活不成”。关键数据有效率：一线EP方案客观缓解率（ORR）达70%-80%，能让肿瘤快速缩小；生存期：局限期患者中位总生存期（OS）14-20个月，广泛期8-10个月；局限性：约90%患者会在6个月内复发，且多次化疗后敏感性下降适用人群所有初治SCLC患者（除非存在化疗禁忌），尤其适合经济条件有限、无法承担免疫治疗费用的人群。二、免疫“新锐”PD-L1抑制剂：打破“复发魔咒”的关键 2019年，一项名为IMpower133的研究震惊肿瘤学界：阿替利珠单抗联合EP方案，让广泛期SCLC患者的中位OS从10.3个月延长至12.3个月。这意味着，免疫联合化疗正式成为SCLC一线治疗“新标准”。作用机制（通俗版）人体免疫系统本应攻击癌细胞，但SCLC会分泌PD-L1蛋白“伪装”自己。PD-L1抑制剂就像“揭穿伪装的侦探”，阻断癌细胞与免疫细胞的“和解信号”，让免疫细胞重新识别并杀死癌细胞。代表药物与数据数据来源：NEJM 2019;380:2221-2231（IMpower133）、Lancet 2021;397:2341-2350（CASPIAN）、Lancet Oncol 2022;23:772-784（CAPSTONE-1）适用人群广泛期SCLC一线治疗（与EP/EC联用）；局限期患者同步放化疗后巩固治疗。三、靶向“黑马”DLL3抑制剂：复发难治患者的“新希望” 对于化疗+免疫失败的复发难治SCLC患者，传统治疗几乎束手无策，中位OS仅4-5个月。2023年，一款名为塔拉妥单抗（Tarlatamab）的DLL3/CD3双抗药物横空出世，打破了这一僵局。作用机制（通俗版） SCLC细胞表面高表达DLL3蛋白（正常细胞几乎没有），塔拉妥单抗像“智能导弹”：一端（DLL3）锁定癌细胞，另一端（CD3）激活T细胞，引导免疫系统精准“爆破”癌细胞。关键数据 DeLLphi-301研究：经多线治疗的复发SCLC患者，使用塔拉妥单抗后，客观缓解率（ORR）达40%，中位OS 14.3个月，1年OS率51%；优势：对脑转移患者同样有效，且副作用可控。适用人群至少接受过1线含铂化疗+免疫治疗后进展的SCLC患者。四、对症“守护者”：提升生活质量的“隐形功臣” SCLC患者常伴随剧烈疼痛、严重呕吐、骨髓抑制等并发症，这些“小毛病”若不及时处理，可能直接导致治疗中断。以下3类药物是“幕后英雄”： 1. 止吐药：让化疗不再“生不如死” 代表药：昂丹司琼（5-HT3受体拮抗剂）、阿瑞匹坦（NK-1受体拮抗剂）；效果：三联止吐方案（5-HT3+NK-1+地塞米松）可将化疗后急性呕吐发生率从70%降至20%以下。 2. 升白药：守住“免疫防线” 代表药：聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（PEG-rhG-CSF，如津优力）；数据：预防性使用可使化疗后中性粒细胞减少症发生率从40%降至10%，避免因感染导致的治疗中断。 3. 镇痛药：告别“痛不欲生” 原则：“三阶梯止痛”（非甾体抗炎药→弱阿片→强阿片）；代表药：吗啡缓释片（针对中重度疼痛，WHO推荐首选）。五、用药“避坑指南”：这3个误区可能害了你误区1：“SCLC对化疗敏感，不用加免疫” 真相：单纯化疗的2年OS率仅10%-15%，而免疫联合化疗可达20%-30%。免疫不是“可选项”，而是延长生存的“必选项”。误区2：“中药能替代西药治疗” 真相：目前没有任何中药被证实能单独治疗SCLC。2023年《中医肿瘤杂志》研究显示，中药联合规范治疗可提高生活质量，但不能替代化疗/免疫。误区3：“副作用大就擅自停药” 真相：免疫相关不良反应（如皮疹、肺炎）多为1-2级，通过激素或对症处理可控制。2022年ESMO数据显示，坚持完成免疫治疗的SCLC患者，3年OS率比中途停药者高2.1倍。最后的话 10年前，SCLC患者确诊后往往被告知“最多活1年”；如今，随着免疫、靶向药物的应用，广泛期患者中位OS已突破13个月，部分局限期患者甚至有望实现“临床治愈”。如果您或家人正面临SCLC治疗，记住三个关键词： ✅ 早用免疫：一线治疗就联合PD-L1抑制剂，别等复发后后悔； ✅ 规范对症：别硬扛副作用，及时用止吐、升白、镇痛药； ✅ 关注新药：复发后积极入组临床试验（如DLL3抑制剂、CAR-T细胞治疗）。生命的长度或许无法完全掌控，但科学的武器能让我们走得更远。愿每一位SCLC患者都能找到属于自己的“救命药”，让“肺癌中之王”不再可怕！ END

免疫疗法

2026-02-03

·BioSpace

MIRA Pharmaceuticals Initiates Final Cohort of Ketamir-2 Phase 1 Clinical Study as Company Prepares for Phase 2a Study

Company to Participate in BIO Partnering Summit and Present Phase 1 Ketamir-2 Data at American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)Annual Meeting MIAMI, FLORIDA / ACCESS Newswire / February 3, 2026 / MIRA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:MIRA) ("MIRA" or the "Company"), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company developing novel oral therapeutics for neuropathic and inflammation-driven pain conditions, metabolic disorders, and oncology-related indications , today announced that it has initiated dosing in the final cohort of its Phase 1 multiple ascending dose (MAD) clinical trial evaluating Ketamir-2 , its lead oral NMDA receptor antagonist. To date, 50 healthy volunteers have already been dosed , while dosing in the final cohort is underway , with 6 last subjects remaining . The Company expects to complete the Phase 1 clinical program by the end of the first quarter of 2026 . Phase 1 Progress and Phase 2a Development Plans The ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 study is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of Ketamir-2 in healthy volunteers. Data reviewed to date continue to support advancement of the program, with no serious adverse events reported. MIRA is actively finalizing its Phase 2a proof-of-concept study in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), including clinical site selection, and plans to submit the Phase 2a protocol to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) following completion of Phase 1 . Subject to regulatory feedback, the Company anticipates initiating the Phase 2a study in the second quarter of 2026 . Given the oncology-related nature of CIPN, the lack of FDA-approved therapies, and the significant unmet medical need, the Company intends to pursue FDA Fast Track designation for Ketamir-2 as the program advances into later-stage clinical development. Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Represents a Significant Unmet Medical Need Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment, characterized by chronic nerve pain, tingling, numbness, and burning sensations that may persist long after chemotherapy has ended. CIPN can significantly impair quality of life and frequently limits a patient's ability to tolerate or complete potentially lifesaving cancer therapy. Despite its prevalence and clinical impact, there are currently no FDA-approved treatments for CIPN . Management typically relies on off-label use of antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids, or ketamine-based therapies, which often provide limited benefit and may be associated with tolerability, safety, or practicality challenges. Ketamir-2 was designed to address this unmet need as a differentiated, orally administered NMDA receptor antagonist with the potential to provide effective pain relief without the psychoactive effects or administration limitations associated with ketamine. Strategic Partnering and Scientific Engagement in 2026 As part of its business development strategy, MIRA announced that it will attend the BIO Partnering Investment & Growth Summit , to be held March 2-3, 2026, in Miami, Florida . The Company plans to engage with large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies to introduce its pipeline and advance potential strategic partnership, collaboration, and merger and acquisition discussions . In addition, MIRA will be presenting Phase 1 data on Ketamir-2 at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting 2026 , taking place April 17-22, 2026 , at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California . Pipeline Update Beyond Ketamir-2 MIRA also provided an update on its additional preclinical programs, SKNY-1 and MIRA-55 , both of which are currently undergoing CMC optimization , with the objective of advancing each program into IND-enabling status by year-end 2026 . SKNY-1 is a novel, orally administered small-molecule program being developed for weight loss and nicotine addiction . SKNY-1 was designed as an oral therapy intended to avoid the central nervous system-related adverse effects historically associated with prior CB1 receptor antagonists, as well as the muscle loss that has been reported with certain injectable GLP-1-based therapies. Preclinical studies to date support its continued development as a differentiated metabolic and addiction-focused candidate. MIRA-55 is a preclinical program being developed for inflammatory pain . In preclinical models, MIRA-55 has demonstrated analgesic activity comparable to injected morphine, along with a significant reduction in inflammation. In these studies, MIRA-55 also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects that outperformed morphine, supporting its potential as a non-opioid approach to inflammatory pain management. Management Commentary "We are pleased to have initiated dosing in the final cohort of our Phase 1 study, marking another important execution milestone for Ketamir-2," said Erez Aminov, Chairman and CEO of MIRA . "As we approach completion of Phase 1 and prepare for Phase 2a development in CIPN, we are increasingly focused on advancing partnering discussions while continuing disciplined, data-driven execution across our pipeline." Dr. Itzchak Angel, CSA of MIRA , added: "Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain remains an area of profound unmet medical need, with no approved therapies and limited effective options for patients. Ketamir-2 was specifically designed to offer a safer, orally administered alternative that targets key pain pathways without the limitations associated with existing treatments. Advancing this program represents an important step toward improving supportive care for oncology patients." About Ketamir-2 Ketamir-2 is a proprietary, orally bioavailable new molecular entity designed as a next-generation NMDA receptor antagonist. Preclinical and early clinical data support its potential as an oral, non-opioid therapy for neuropathic pain and related conditions. Ketamir-2 is not classified as a controlled substance under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act. About MIRA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MIRA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:MIRA) is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company focused on developing novel oral therapeutics for neuropathic and inflammation-driven pain conditions, metabolic disorders, and oncology-related indications with significant unmet medical need. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This press release and the statements of MIRA's management related thereto contain "forward-looking statements," which are statements other than historical facts made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements may be identified by words such as "aims," "anticipates," "believes," "could," "estimates," "expects," "forecasts," "goal," "intends," "may," "plans," "possible," "potential," "seeks," "will," and variations of these words or similar expressions that are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Any statements in this press release that are not historical facts may be deemed forward-looking. Any forward-looking statements in this press release are based on MIRA's current expectations, estimates, and projections only as of the date of this release and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties (many of which are beyond MIRA's control) that could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from those set forth in or implied by such forward-looking statements, including related to MIRA's potential merger with SKNY Pharmaceuticals, Inc. These and other risks concerning MIRA's programs and operations are described in additional detail in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Form 14A filed by MIRA on June 18, 2025, and other SEC filings, which are on the SEC at and on MIRA's website at . MIRA explicitly disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except to the extent required by law. Contact: Krystina Quintana info@mirapharma.com (786) 432-9792 SOURCE: MIRA Pharmaceuticals View the original press release on ACCESS Newswire

临床1期临床2期快速通道

2026-02-02

·今日头条

分子药理学考博真题及答案

分子药理学考博真题及答案一、单项选择题 1. 以下哪种药物作用于离子通道发挥药理作用？ A. 阿司匹林 B. 硝苯地平 C. 地塞米松 D. 胰岛素答案：B 2. 药物与受体结合后产生激动效应的必要条件是 A. 亲和力大 B. 无内在活性 C. 具有内在活性 D. 不被代谢答案：C 3. 竞争性拮抗剂的特点是 A. 与受体结合是不可逆的 B. 使激动药的量效曲线平行右移，最大效应不变 C. 能抑制激动药的效能 D. 增加激动药剂量不能对抗其效应答案：B 4. 药物的首过效应是指 A. 药物进入血液循环后，与血浆蛋白结合的现象 B. 药物与机体组织器官之间的最初效应 C. 药物口服后，在胃肠道受破坏的现象 D. 药物口服后，经门静脉进入肝脏，部分被代谢灭活，使进入体循环的药量减少的现象答案：D 5. 某药的消除符合一级动力学，其t1/2为4小时，在定时定量给药后，需经多少小时达稳态血药浓度？ A. 约10小时 B. 约20小时 C. 约30小时 D. 约40小时答案：B 6. 药物的治疗指数是指 A. LD50/ED50 B. ED50/LD50 C. LD5/ED95 D. ED95/LD5 答案：A 7. 以下哪种药物属于非甾体抗炎药？ A. 吗啡 B. 地西泮 C. 布洛芬 D. 青霉素答案：C 8. 作用于中枢神经系统的药物主要通过哪种方式发挥作用？ A. 影响神经递质的合成 B. 影响神经递质的释放 C. 影响神经递质的代谢 D. 以上都是答案：D 9. 药物的不良反应不包括 A. 副作用 B. 毒性反应 C. 后遗效应 D. 治疗作用答案：D 10. 以下哪种药物可用于治疗心律失常？ A. 普萘洛尔 B. 氢氯噻嗪 C. 奥美拉唑 D. 肾上腺素答案：A 二、多项选择题 1. 下列关于药物作用机制的描述，正确的有 A. 改变细胞周围环境的理化性质 B. 影响神经递质或激素 C. 作用于特定靶点 D. 影响酶的活性 E. 影响离子通道答案：ABCDE 2. 药物的体内过程包括 A. 吸收 B. 分布 C. 代谢 D. 排泄 E. 转运答案：ABCD 3. 影响药物效应的因素有 A. 药物因素 B. 机体因素 C. 环境因素 D. 给药方法 E. 药物剂型答案：ABCDE 4. 以下哪些属于传出神经系统药物？ A. 胆碱受体激动药 B. 胆碱受体阻断药 C. 肾上腺素受体激动药 D. 肾上腺素受体阻断药 E. 中枢神经系统兴奋药答案：ABCD 5. 下列关于抗菌药物的说法，正确的是 A. 对病原菌有抑制或杀灭作用 B. 可分为抗生素和人工合成抗菌药 C. 合理使用可防治感染性疾病 D. 可引起不良反应 E. 能提高机体免疫力答案：ABCD 6. 药物与受体结合的特性有 A. 特异性 B. 饱和性 C. 可逆性 D. 高亲和力 E. 灵敏性答案：ABCD 7. 以下属于药物代谢酶诱导剂的是 A. 苯巴比妥 B. 利福平 C. 地塞米松 D. 西咪替丁 E. 氯霉素答案：ABC 8. 药物的剂量与效应关系包括 A. 最小有效量 B. 治疗量 C. 极量 D. 中毒量 E. 致死量答案：ABCDE 9. 下列哪些药物可用于治疗高血压？ A. 硝苯地平 B. 卡托普利 C. 氢氯噻嗪 D. 普萘洛尔 E. 硝普钠答案：ABCDE 10. 药物不良反应的监测方法有 A. 自愿呈报系统 B. 集中监测系统 C. 记录联结 D. 药物流行病学研究方法 E. 实验室监测答案：ABCD 三、判断题 1. 药物的效能反映药物的内在活性。（）答案：√ 2. 药物的肝肠循环可使药物作用时间延长。（）答案：√ 3. 激动药与拮抗剂都能与受体结合，二者的区别在于是否有内在活性。（）答案：√ 4. 药物的不良反应是不可避免的。（）答案：√ 5. 药物的生物利用度越高，疗效越好。（）答案：× 6. 药物的半衰期与给药剂量无关。（）答案：√ 7. 同一药物不同剂型的疗效相同。（）答案：× 8. 抗菌药物对病毒感染有效。（）答案：× 9. 药物与血浆蛋白结合后无药理活性。（）答案：√ 10. 药物的耐受性是不可逆的。（）答案：× 四、简答题 1. 简述药物作用的两重性。药物作用具有治疗作用和不良反应两重性。治疗作用是指药物对机体产生的有益作用，可分为对因治疗和对症治疗。不良反应是指药物在治疗剂量下出现的与治疗目的无关的作用，包括副作用、毒性反应、后遗效应、停药反应、变态反应和特异质反应等。合理用药应充分发挥药物的治疗作用，尽量减少不良反应。 2. 简述药物代谢的意义。药物代谢是药物在体内发生化学结构改变的过程。其意义在于：一是使药物的极性增加，有利于药物从体内排出；二是代谢产物可能具有药理活性或毒性，影响药物的疗效和安全性；三是通过代谢可使药物失活，避免药物在体内蓄积产生毒性；四是药物代谢酶的活性可受多种因素影响，从而影响药物的代谢过程和效应。 3. 简述抗菌药物的作用机制。抗菌药物的作用机制主要有：抑制细菌细胞壁的合成，如β-内酰胺类抗生素；影响细胞膜通透性，如多黏菌素；抑制细菌蛋白质合成，如氨基糖苷类抗生素；抑制核酸代谢，如喹诺酮类药物；影响叶酸代谢，如磺胺类药物。通过这些机制干扰或阻断细菌的生长繁殖过程，达到抗菌的目的。 4. 简述药物与受体相互作用的学说。主要有占领学说，认为药物效应的强度与药物占领受体的数量成正比；变构学说，提出药物与受体结合可引起受体构象改变，从而影响受体功能；诱导契合学说，强调药物与受体相互作用时，两者构象相互诱导、契合，形成稳定复合物，产生生物效应。这些学说从不同角度解释了药物与受体相互作用的机制。五、讨论题 1. 如何合理使用抗菌药物？合理使用抗菌药物需注意：一是明确诊断，根据病原菌及感染部位等选用合适药物；二是按照适应证选药，避免滥用；三是根据患者情况制定个体化给药方案，如年龄、肝肾功能等；四是严格掌握用药剂量、疗程，避免剂量不足或过长疗程；五是注意联合用药的指征，避免盲目联合；六是重视药物不良反应监测，及时调整用药。 2. 谈谈药物不良反应的预防措施。预防药物不良反应可从多方面着手。用药前详细了解患者过敏史等情况；严格掌握用药适应证，避免不必要用药；根据患者个体差异制定合理给药方案，如调整剂量、选择合适剂型等；用药过程中密切观察患者反应，定期监测相关指标；加强医护人员培训，提高对不良反应的认识和判断能力；做好药品不良反应监测和报告工作，及时总结经验教训，改进用药方法。 3. 讨论影响药物作用的机体因素有哪些？影响药物作用的机体因素包括年龄，如小儿和老人对药物反应与成年人不同；性别，女性生理特点可能影响药物代谢等；病理状态，如肝肾功能不全影响药物代谢和排泄；个体差异，包括遗传因素导致的药物代谢酶差异等；心理因素，如情绪等可能影响药物疗效；营养状态，营养缺乏或过剩可能改变药物作用。此外，给药途径、时间等也会影响药物作用。 4. 分析药物与受体相互作用对药物研发的重要性。药物与受体相互作用是药物发挥作用的基础，对药物研发至关重要。通过研究药物与受体的相互作用机制，可明确药物作用靶点，为新药设计提供方向。能指导筛选和优化先导化合物，提高药物的活性和选择性。有助于理解药物的构效关系，预测药物的疗效和安全性，从而有针对性地进行药物结构改造和研发，开发出更有效、更安全的新型药物，推动药物治疗领域不断进步。

临床结果免疫疗法

100 项与硫酸吗啡相关的药物交易

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外链

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
-	硫酸吗啡	N02AA01	DB00295

研发状态

批准上市

10 条最早获批的记录,

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适应症	国家/地区	公司	日期
急性疼痛	美国	Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.	2008-03-17
急性疼痛	美国	Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.	2008-03-17
癌症疼痛	日本	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	1989-01-01
疼痛	美国	Purdue Pharma LP	1987-05-29
慢性疼痛	美国	Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.	1984-09-18

未上市

10 条进展最快的记录,

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
阿片相关性障碍	临床3期	加拿大	Mayne Pharma International Pty Ltd.	2019-12-06
膝关节炎	临床3期	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-12-01
术后疼痛	临床3期	美国	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2006-05-01
肿瘤	临床2期	立陶宛	Egalet Ltd.	2007-08-01
肿瘤	临床2期	波兰	Egalet Ltd.	2007-08-01
拇外翻	临床2期	-	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2005-01-01
牙痛	临床2期	-	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2001-09-01
关节痛	临床2期	中国	河北立生药业集团有限公司	-
神经痛	临床2期	中国	河北立生药业集团有限公司	-
麻醉	临床1期	-	Pfizer Inc.	2010-08-01

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临床结果

适应症

分期

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研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


NCT03726268 (OSPREy, CTgov)	临床4期	术后疼痛	907	Methadone (Short-stay, IV Methadone)	製憲襯遞壓鹽選構鹹襯(顧遞願積憲糧憲築鬱築) = 艱壓鏇膚糧廠構鏇廠糧醖淵廠製網網壓廠選齋 (觸憲襯範遞膚願製鏇夢, 15.50) 更多	-	2025-11-19
				Fentanyl+Hydromorphone+Sufentanil+Morphine (Short-stay, IV Short-acting Opioids)	製憲襯遞壓鹽選構鹹襯(顧遞願積憲糧憲築鬱築) = 壓獵網壓願鏇蓋網廠鬱醖淵廠製網網壓廠選齋 (觸憲襯範遞膚願製鏇夢, 11.60) 更多
NCT05069012 (CTgov)	临床4期	术后疼痛	72	Morphine Sulfate (50 Micrograms)	選鹽憲積壓鹹觸蓋鹹艱(糧製襯蓋壓顧積廠選蓋) = 繭積鏇網醖願壓餘膚衊鹹築獵鏇簾築鑰繭齋鹹 (鹹製繭夢構醖鏇壓鹹繭, 願遞衊觸淵淵齋艱構積 ~ 醖鏇襯範選遞顧願鬱範) 更多	-	2025-11-13
				Morphine Sulfate (150 Micrograms)	選鹽憲積壓鹹觸蓋鹹艱(糧製襯蓋壓顧積廠選蓋) = 糧淵築鹹鑰願襯遞觸觸鹹築獵鏇簾築鑰繭齋鹹 (鹹製繭夢構醖鏇壓鹹繭, 顧鹽壓鹽範願襯鹽窪範 ~ 繭鏇範鹹觸積艱願繭淵) 更多
NCT05017246 (CTgov)	临床2期	子宫肌瘤	110	Bupivacaine (Epidural Bupivacaine With Hydromorphone Patient-controlled Anesthesia (EPCA))	簾壓顧鏇衊膚遞築衊鏇(遞網醖製襯膚獵繭齋窪) = 構範齋選範鹹遞製窪製窪窪窪鹽襯遞積網繭襯 (糧構鬱網壓窪齋遞觸衊, 106.1) 更多	-	2025-07-31
				Lidocaine+Morphine (Intrathecal Morphine With Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion)	簾壓顧鏇衊膚遞築衊鏇(遞網醖製襯膚獵繭齋窪) = 簾遞觸鏇積鹽鏇壓壓築窪窪窪鹽襯遞積網繭襯 (糧構鬱網壓窪齋遞觸衊, 89.8) 更多
NCT06192589 (CTgov)	临床1期	药物性肝损伤 \| 药物相互作用	241	cannabidiol (Cannabidiol (Part 1))	網範顧網艱艱壓醖觸淵 = 觸鏇襯壓壓遞構襯繭範鏇廠窪願遞鬱鏇網餘網 (餘蓋蓋鏇窪艱鬱獵築壓, 鏇淵蓋膚簾襯蓋簾夢願 ~ 範憲獵醖窪蓋艱艱蓋鑰) 更多	-	2025-07-31
				Placebo (Placebo (Part 1))	網範顧網艱艱壓醖觸淵 = 餘淵積衊築遞構壓製觸鏇廠窪願遞鬱鏇網餘網 (餘蓋蓋鏇窪艱鬱獵築壓, 餘觸獵鑰鹽鹹齋窪築築 ~ 範衊範鹽繭鑰艱壓壓築) 更多
NCT03238430 (Pubmed \| BJS Open)	临床4期	术后疼痛	186	paracetamol+Morphine+nefopam (Intravenous analgesia alone)	範構夢簾選壓鏇顧獵淵(構憲觸觸範餘鑰壓壓獵): Difference (Mean) = 0.57 (95.0% CI, 0.21 ~ 0.93), P-Value = 0.002 更多	积极	2025-07-01
				Intrathecal morphine (ITM)Morphine+nefopam (Intrathecal morphine (ITM)+ Intravenous analgesia)
NCT03592992 (Pubmed \| Anesth Analg)	临床4期	镇痛	126	Hydromorphone 75 μg	糧鬱艱範窪襯憲憲襯觸(艱襯膚網蓋範糧選艱遞) = 鹽膚憲簾範夢觸衊鬱繭窪餘膚顧簾築願襯範繭 (廠餘夢築獵壓積壓構憲, 1.5) 更多	非劣	2025-06-10
				Morphine 150 μg	糧鬱艱範窪襯憲憲襯觸(艱襯膚網蓋範糧選艱遞) = 齋齋餘鬱齋觸齋築夢憲窪餘膚顧簾築願襯範繭 (廠餘夢築獵壓積壓構憲, 1.7) 更多
NCT02720822 (Pubmed \| J Pain Symptom Manage)	临床3期	呼吸困难	156	Morphine	鹹鹹鹽憲鬱願膚糧鹽範(淵蓋鏇鹹繭築壓製糧鬱) = 範襯願鏇鏇憲鹽齋窪蓋獵選蓋蓋構窪鏇夢獵齋 (齋遞壓齋積壓鬱淵壓遞 )	积极	2025-06-01
				Placebo	鹹鹹鹽憲鬱願膚糧鹽範(淵蓋鏇鹹繭築壓製糧鬱) = 範積顧構襯獵顧齋繭憲獵選蓋蓋構窪鏇夢獵齋 (齋遞壓齋積壓鬱淵壓遞 )
NCT03431285 (CTgov)	N/A	血管闭塞危机 \| 疼痛 \| 镰状细胞血症	278	standard IV hydration+Morphine (Morphine Group)	蓋獵遞窪憲築鹽餘廠網(蓋顧窪窪鑰網鏇鹽顧糧) = 鑰膚艱範餘簾願築窪艱餘醖遞蓋鹽製糧夢選顧 (壓簾繭網廠憲膚窪簾簾, 1.90) 更多	-	2025-05-28
				standard IV hydration+Ketamine Group (Ketamine Group)	蓋獵遞窪憲築鹽餘廠網(蓋顧窪窪鑰網鏇鹽顧糧) = 製廠觸鑰選選蓋蓋觸艱餘醖遞蓋鹽製糧夢選顧 (壓簾繭網廠憲膚窪簾簾, 2.13) 更多
NCT03396588 (No-POPPY, CTgov)	临床3期	新生儿戒断综合征 \| 脑损伤	120	Clonidine (Clonidine)	壓餘遞鏇醖願衊襯憲鏇(壓顧製蓋鹹繭齋網繭廠) = 構範顧膚淵繭糧衊蓋範壓願簾糧艱鬱製願齋繭 (蓋範餘選簾膚廠壓憲繭, 衊艱憲壓獵襯艱鬱醖製 ~ 鹹願蓋網鹽積獵醖觸衊) 更多	-	2025-05-23
				Morphine (Morphine)	壓餘遞鏇醖願衊襯憲鏇(壓顧製蓋鹹繭齋網繭廠) = 淵築淵構夢範鏇淵構觸壓願簾糧艱鬱製願齋繭 (蓋範餘選簾膚廠壓憲繭, 壓糧襯憲鹹繭夢蓋選鑰 ~ 願夢淵觸鏇蓋網鏇製繭) 更多
NCT05506930 (CTgov)	临床4期	镇痛	14	Intrathecal Morphine (Intrathecal Morphine)	顧糧艱鏇壓憲築獵淵憲(鑰膚願窪選鏇醖廠範夢) = 醖網觸範廠餘選鬱願憲積範醖構積鬱醖製繭積 (糧範顧窪鏇願夢壓鏇願, 0.8) 更多	-	2025-04-15
				Quadratus lumborum block (Quadratus Lumborum Block)	顧糧艱鏇壓憲築獵淵憲(鑰膚願窪選鏇醖廠範夢) = 膚醖顧選鑰餘衊鏇壓壓積範醖構積鬱醖製繭積 (糧範顧窪鏇願夢壓鏇願, 1.4) 更多