The investigators thus propose a comparative effectiveness quality improvement project to evaluate the feasibility of switching from near-exclusive use of isoflurane in adult general surgical patients to Desflurane.

开始日期2024-05-01

申办/合作机构

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation

NCT06311604 / Not yet recruitingN/AIIT

Evaluation of the Safety of Inhaled Sedation With Isoflurane in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Intensive care management of patient with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) includes deep and prolonged sedation with intravenous hypnotics (propofol, midazolam, ketamine) in combination with opioids to prevent and/or treat episodes of intracranial hypertension. However, some patients may develop tachyphylaxis with a gradual increase of administered intravenous hypnotics and opioids to maintain the same level of sedation. This situation leads to a failure in controlling intracranial pressure (ICP) and/or to the risk of adverse effects due to high-dose sedatives: haemodynamic instability, prolonged mechanical ventilation, neuromyopathy, delirium, withdrawal syndrome.
Halogenated agents (Isoflurane, Sevoflurane) are a class of hypnotics routinely used in the operating room. However, doses used in surgical patients (> 1 Minimal Alveolar Concentration, MAC) are not suitable in neuro-intensive care unit (ICU) patients at risk of intracranial hypertension because of the cerebral vasodilator effects of halogenated agents at this dosage, hence the risk of high ICP and compromised cerebral perfusion pressure.
The use of halogenated agents has been recently possible in the ICU through dedicated medical devices (Sedaconda ACD, Mirus). Recommended dosage are lower in the ICU, i.e. 0.3-0.7 MAC, because of their association with intravenous hypnotics and the absence of surgical stimuli. Several clinical studies in general ICUs showed improved sedation quality, reduced duration of mechanical ventilation, faster arousal and shorter extubation time, and lower costs in halogenated group compared with control group receiving midazolam or propofol. At low doses, the effects on ICP and intracerebral haemodynamics of halogenated agents are minor according to the available literature. In addition, beneficial effects were found on cerebral ischaemic volume in animal models treated with halogenated agents. However, there is a need to explore the benefit-risk ratio of the use of halogenated agents in the severe TBI population.
The investigator hypothesise that 0.7 MAC Isoflurane can be administered in this population without deleterious effect on ICP.

开始日期2024-04-01

申办/合作机构

Grenoble University Hospital

NCT05830864 / Not yet recruitingN/AIIT

Multicenter Retrospective Study of Isoflurane in Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus (I-Seizure)

Isoflurane might be used as anticonvulsive therapy in refractory status epilepticus. The aim of the study is to assess the efficiency of Isoflurane in this indication.

开始日期2024-03-01

申办/合作机构-

100 项与异氟烷相关的临床结果

登录后查看更多信息

100 项与异氟烷相关的转化医学

登录后查看更多信息

100 项与异氟烷相关的专利（医药）

登录后查看更多信息

12,492

项与异氟烷相关的文献（医药）

2024-03-01·BJA open

A randomised controlled trial comparing quality of recovery between desflurane and isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia in patients undergoing ophthalmological surgery at a tertiary hospital in South Africa (DIQoR trial).

Article

作者: Charlé Steyl ; Hyla-Louise Kluyts

Background:

The patient's experience of their postoperative recovery is an important perioperative outcome, with the 15-item quality of recovery scale (QoR-15) recommended as a standardised outcomes measure. Desflurane has a faster emergence from anaesthesia compared with other volatile anaesthetics, but it is uncertain whether this translates to better subjective quality of recovery. The hypothesis for this study is that patients receiving desflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia would have better postoperative quality of recovery than patients receiving isoflurane.

Methods:

Male and female adult patients undergoing ophthalmological surgery under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to receive desflurane or isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia. The primary outcome was to compare postoperative QoR-15 scores. Secondary outcomes included comparing preoperative QoR-15 scores, volatile agent consumption, and time spent in the recovery room.

Results:

Data from 164 patients were analysed (80 desflurane, 84 isoflurane). Median (Q1, Q3) postoperative QoR-15 scores were not significantly different (desflurane: 145 [141, 148], isoflurane: 144 [139, 147], 95% confidence interval 0-3, P=0.176, minimal clinically important difference=8). Median (Q1, Q3) volatile agent consumption was 15.4 (12.5, 19.3) ml hr^-1 in the desflurane group, and 7.4 (5.9, 9.7) ml hr^-1 in the isoflurane group. Median (Q1, Q3) time spent in the recovery room was significantly shorter in the desflurane group (desflurane: 18 [13, 23]; isoflurane: 25 [19, 32], 95% confidence interval -10 to 5, P<0.001).

Conclusions:

This study found no difference in quality of recovery between patients who received desflurane or isoflurane for maintenance of general anaesthesia during ophthalmological surgery. A shorter time in the recovery room was not associated with improved QoR-15 scores.

Clinical trial registration:

NCT04188314.

2024-03-01·Journal of pharmacological sciences

Characterization of cardiovascular profile of anti-influenza drug peramivir: A reverse-translational study using the isoflurane-anesthetized dog

Article

作者: Kambayashi, Ryuichi ; Goto, Ai ; Izumi-Nakaseko, Hiroko ; Takei, Yoshinori ; Sugiyama, Atsushi

An injectable anti-influenza drug peramivir has been reported to induce QT-interval prolongation in some phase III studies, although its thorough QT/QTc study was negative. We investigated the discrepancy among those clinical studies using isoflurane-anesthetized beagle dogs (n = 4). Peramivir in doses of 1 mg/kg/10 min (sub-therapeutic dose) followed by 10 mg/kg/10 min (clinically-relevant dose) was intravenously administered. Peramivir prolonged QT interval/QTcV and T_peak-T_end, and tended to delay ventricular repolarization in a reverse-frequency dependent manner, indicating I_Kr inhibition in vivo. Meanwhile, peramivir did not alter P-wave duration, PR interval or QRS width, indicating a lack of impact on cardiac conduction via Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ channel inhibition in vivo. Peramivir prolonged T_peak-T_end and tended to prolong terminal repolarization period, which would develop substrates for initiating and maintaining spiral reentry, respectively. Meanwhile, peramivir did not prolong J-T_peakc, which could not induce early afterdepolarization, a trigger inducing torsade de pointes. Thus, our results support that clinical dose exposure of peramivir can delay the ventricular repolarization in influenza patients. Peramivir has only a small potential to induce torsade de pointes in patients with the intact hearts, but caution should be paid on its use for patients formerly having the trigger for torsade de pointes.

2024-02-21·Anesthesia and analgesia

Effect of Propofol Infusion on Need for Rescue Antiemetics in Postanesthesia Care Unit After Volatile Anesthesia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Article

作者: Juraj Sprung ; Atousa Deljou ; Darrell R Schroeder ; David O Warner ; Toby N Weingarten

BACKGROUND:

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are frequent after volatile anesthesia. We hypothesized that coadministration of propofol with volatile anesthetic compared to pure volatile anesthetics would decrease the need for postoperative antiemetic treatments and shorten recovery time in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).

METHODS:

We retrospectively identified adult patients who underwent procedures using general anesthesia with volatile agents, with or without propofol infusion, from May 2018 through December 2020, and who were admitted to the PACU. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations with robust variance estimates to assess whether propofol was associated with decreased need for rescue antiemetics.

RESULTS:

Among 47,847 patients, overall IPTW rescue antiemetic use was 4.7% for 17,573 patients who received propofol and 8.2% for 30,274 who did not (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.61; P<.001). This effect associated with propofol was present regardless of the intensity of antiemetic prophylaxis (OR, 0.59, 0.51, and 0.58 for 0-1, 2, and ≥3 antiemetics used, respectively), procedural duration (OR, 0.54, 0.62, and 0.47 for ≤2.50, 2.51-4.00, ≥4.01 hours), and type of volatile agent (OR, 0.51, 0.52, and 0.57 for desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane) (all P<.001). This effect was dose dependent, with little additional benefit for the reduction in the use of PACU antiemetics when propofol rate exceeded 100 μg/kg/min. Patients who received rescue antiemetics required longer PACU recovery time than those who did not receive antiemetics (ratio of the geometric mean, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.28-1.33; P<.001), but use of propofol did not affect PACU recovery time (ratio of the geometric mean, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.01; P=.56).

CONCLUSIONS:

The addition of propofol infusions to volatile-based anesthesia is associated with a dose-dependent reduction in the need for rescue antiemetics in the PACU regardless of the number of prophylactic antiemetics, duration of procedure, and type of volatile agent used, without affecting PACU recovery time.

项与异氟烷相关的新闻（医药）

2024-04-04

·医药地理

儿童麻醉用药全景扫描：全球视野下分析和展望

在儿童医疗领域，麻醉用药一直是一个重要而敏感的话题。随着医学科技的不断进步，国外在儿童麻醉用药方面的研究和应用也在不断发展和完善。今天，我们就来聊聊国外儿童麻醉用药的现状，以及未来的发展趋势。01儿童麻醉用药的分类与特点儿童由于其生理和心理的特殊性，其心理、生理、药理及病理等方面不同于成人，不能简单地将成人的麻醉理论和技术照搬到儿童身上。儿童麻醉用药主要分为全身麻醉和局部麻醉两大类。全身麻醉是通过吸入、静脉、肌肉注射等方式，使中枢神经系统受到抑制，达到意识消失、全身无疼痛感觉的状态。其中，气管插管全身麻醉是最常用的方式，采用吸入麻醉药或静脉麻醉药，需要机械辅助呼吸。局部麻醉则是在身体的特定部位注射麻醉药，如普鲁卡因、利多卡因等，使该部位暂时失去感觉，而患者的意识保持清醒。02丙泊酚和七氟烷分别是静脉类麻醉药和吸入用麻醉药中儿童最常用的全身麻醉药物全身麻醉常用于儿童住院手术。在国外高收入国家，大约每7名儿童中就有1名在4岁前至少接受过1次麻醉手术。根据中国儿童用药数据库的数据显示，国外市场上的儿童用全身麻醉药品主要分为吸入用类全身麻醉药、静脉注射类全身麻醉药和阿片类全身麻醉药等。这些药品在全球范围内广泛上市，如氧化亚氮、异氟烷、七氟烷等吸入用麻醉药，丙泊酚、氯胺酮、依托咪酯等静脉注射用麻醉药，以及瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼等阿片类麻醉药。丙泊酚和七氟烷分别是静脉类麻醉药和吸入用麻醉药中儿童最常用的药物，而阿片类麻醉药主要用于维持镇痛。表1：儿童用吸入用类全身麻醉制剂国外上市情况来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心表2：儿童用静脉注射类全身麻醉制剂国外上市情况来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心表3：儿童用阿片类全身麻醉制剂国外上市情况来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心在全球销售情况方面，丙泊酚因其起效迅速、代谢快、安全性良好等特性，成为全球销售额最高的麻醉药。而七氟烷作为吸入性麻醉药市场的领头羊，尽管面临集采的影响，但仍保持着较高的市场份额。图1：儿童用全身麻醉制剂2015-2022年全球销售情况（单位：亿美元）来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心03酰胺类局部麻醉药作为中长效麻醉药儿童麻醉效果更持久更有效在儿童麻醉领域，局部麻醉可以作为全身麻醉的替代方法单独使用，但更常与全身麻醉联合使用，以减少术中麻醉需求，并提供更长的术后镇痛作用。根据中国儿童用药数据库的数据显示，按化学结构和药理特性，局部麻醉药可以分为酰胺类、氨苯甲酸酯类酯类、苯甲酸酯类和其他类型。这些药物通过不同的给药方式，如注射、涂抹或喷雾，实现对手术或诊疗过程的疼痛管理。表4：局部麻醉药国外上市制剂分类来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心在全球销售情况方面，局部麻醉药的种类繁多，包括布比卡因、利多卡因等。这些药物在儿童牙科治疗、皮肤手术、小型创伤修复等场景中广泛应用。例如，布比卡因由于其长效作用和较低的系统毒性而受到青睐，而利多卡因则因其快速起效和广泛的应用范围而备受推崇。图2：儿童用局部麻醉制剂2015-2022年全球销售情况（单位：亿美元）来源：中国儿童用药数据库，中国医药工业信息中心04新兴的儿童用麻醉药品研发方向在过去几十年中，常用的麻醉镇静药物几乎没有变化，每种药物在临床实践中都会有它的不足，这也促使科学家们不断探索，寻找新的药物。在儿童麻醉药品的研发方面，国外目前主要集中在布比卡因等局部麻醉药的研究。这些研究项目旨在探索更安全、更有效的麻醉方法，以减轻儿童在手术中的疼痛和不适。同时，一些新兴的麻醉药物也在研发之中，如正在研发的环丙基甲氧基羰基甲基咪唑（ABP-700）和ET-26盐酸盐（ET-26HCl）两种依托咪酯类似物既可以保留依托咪酯样的麻醉活性，又可以去除肾上腺皮质抑制的副作用，从而达到临床应用更安全的目的。日本上市使用的氙气尽管存在某些不足，如麻醉费用高、来源少，但氙气在药代动力学和药效学上的优势，未来临床可以考虑釆用其作为麻醉气体实际应用。还有利多卡因季铵类衍生物由于更有效、更持久，一直是公认的研发热点方向。这些新药有望在未来为儿童麻醉提供更多的选择和更好的治疗效果。05总结国外在儿童麻醉用药方面的研究和应用已经取得了显著的成果，但仍有许多工作需要去做。随着科技的发展和临床需求的不断变化，未来儿童麻醉用药将更加注重安全性、有效性和个体化治疗。让我们期待更多的创新药物和治疗方法的出现，为全球儿童的健康事业贡献力量。END如需获取更多数据洞察信息或公众号内容合作，请联系医药地理小助手微信号：pharmadl001

医药出海

2024-04-02

·PRNewswire

Mars Veterinary Health pilots industry-leading anaesthetic gas capture technology to reduce carbon emissions

World's leading provider of veterinary care will be first to introduce innovative in-clinic solution to support sustainability goals BIRMINGHAM, England, April 3, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Mars Veterinary Health, through its UK veterinary group Linnaeus and in partnership with Waltham Petcare Science Institute, today announced a first-of-its-kind partnership with SageTech Veterinary to pilot an innovative anaesthetic gas capture solution to help prevent harmful greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere. During a typical anaesthetic procedure, less than five percent of the volatile anaesthetic agent delivered to a patient is absorbed and metabolised, leaving approximately 95 percent it to be exhaled. Continue Reading Mars Veterinary Health pilots industry-leading anaesthetic gas capture technology to reduce carbon emissions SageTech's trusted gas-capture technology—which is currently used in human healthcare—works by capturing the waste anaesthetic agent breathed out during an operation by safely adsorbing it into a specially developed reusable capture canister. These waste anaesthetic agents can then be extracted from the filter, avoiding current routes for disposal of volatile anaesthetic agents of incineration or release into the atmosphere. "As a leading provider of veterinary care, we have a responsibility to take climate action at scale and lead the way toward more sustainable practices," said Ellie West, RCVS and EBVS® European Specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, and Linnaeus Environmental Sustainability Lead. "Our innovative collaboration should help us take a significant step forward in our sustainability journey, aimed at contributing to a better future for the planet—and the people and pets who depend on it." A veterinary-industry first, Mars Veterinary Health's one-year pilot will start with 10 Linnaeus primary care and referral veterinary practices in the UK with the aim of reducing anaesthesia-related carbon emissions resulting from release or disposal of these agents and determining the efficiency of capture in its clinics, ultimately supporting its goal of reducing climate-change impacts. Mars Veterinary Health aims to use these learnings to explore the potential application of this technology across other parts of its business in the years to come. "At SageTech Veterinary, we are excited to share our developed technology and work alongside Mars Veterinary Health to significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with the direct release of waste volatile anaesthetic agents to the environment," said Iain Menneer, CEO of SageTech Medical. "It has been wonderful to work with the Linnaeus and Waltham teams, and we are confident this pilot project will demonstrate to the veterinary profession how such collaborations can be a collective force for good." This industry-first pilot in sustainable veterinary care is consistent with Mars, Incorporated's Net Zero Roadmap, a detailed action plan for achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, as well as details on the company's progress and history of working on climate action. Details about Mars, Incorporated's wider sustainability—including climate—work can be found in its Sustainable in a Generation Scorecard. About Mars Veterinary Health Mars Veterinary Health is a global division of Mars Petcare dedicated to delivering high-quality pet healthcare to further its collective Purpose: A BETTER WORLD FOR PETS™. Mars Veterinary Health's 70,000 Associates across 3,000 global veterinary clinics put pets, people, and the planet first. The Mars Veterinary Health family includes Associates at AniCura, Banfield, BluePearl, Creature Comforts, Gentle Oak, Hillside, Linnaeus, Mount Pleasant, Tai Wai, VCA, VES, and VSH who demonstrate compassion and expertise while enabling 35 million pet visits each year. Learn more at marsveterinary.com. About Linnaeus Part of Mars Veterinary Health, Linnaeus is a highly respected community of more than 50 primary care and 17 referral veterinary practices based in the UK. Linnaeus employs over 6,000 pet-loving Associates with some of the country's finest vet and nursing teams who together are committed to excellence and delivering high-quality care to patients. Learn more at linnaeusgroup.co.uk. About Mars Science & Diagnostics Mars Science & Diagnostics is a division of Mars Petcare, a diverse business dedicated to one purpose: A BETTER WORLD FOR PETS™. Science & Diagnostics brings together the power of leading pet health science with expertise across diagnostics, data, and technology to improve outcomes in pet health. Antech, our global veterinary diagnostics business, spans in-house diagnostic laboratory instruments and consumables, including rapid assay diagnostic products and digital cytology services; local and cloud-based data services; practice information management software; reference laboratories; veterinary imaging and technology; education; and telemedicine with board-certified specialist support services. Our at-home diagnostics offering includes Wisdom Panel, the world's most accurate pet DNA test. For 60 years, our Waltham Petcare Science Institute has been advancing science to better understand pet health. About SageTech Veterinary The manufacture of virgin anaesthetic agents and their release as waste volatile gases is highly damaging to the environment and contributes significantly to the total carbon footprint of healthcare. SageTech Veterinary is part of SageTech Medical, a medical device and pharmaceutical company focused on the research, design, manufacture, and distribution of technologies for the capture and recycling of waste volatile anaesthetic agents in human and animal healthcare. Their unique circular economy solution safely captures volatile anaesthetic agents (sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane) through actively controlled adsorption onto a reusable capture canister. Learn more at sagetechveterinary.com. Photo - SOURCE Mars PetCare

2024-03-29

·奇点网

《科学》：缺氧才是大脑常态！科学家首次发现大脑经常短暂缺氧，运动可将缺氧负担减轻52%丨科学大发现

*仅供医学专业人士阅读参考毫不夸张地说，大脑可能是最需要氧气的器官。别看脑子体积不大，实际上它消耗的氧气可以占人体总摄氧量的20%，大脑供血中断几秒人就会失去意识，缺氧数分钟就可能致命。按常理说，如此需要氧气的大脑应该时刻保持充足的氧气供给吧？不！其实“缺氧”才是大脑的常态！怪不得上班经常脑袋晕晕今日，哥本哈根大学科学团队在《科学》杂志发文，研究者们利用的全新的成像技术记录了小鼠清醒状态下大脑的供氧情况，发现大脑竟然存在自发的、间歇的缺氧区域。大脑缺氧经常与认知下降联系到一起，不过别慌，研究者们还发现，运动能够将缺氧负担减少52%！论文题图这么大的事儿，怎么今天才发现啊？其实对大脑做氧成像难度还是比较高的，既往方法时空灵敏度比较低，很难精确地记录。研究者们开发了一种新方法（GeNL），利用了星形胶质细胞表达的酶与发光底物作用，信噪比很低，能够记录活体动物的皮质氧张力（PO2）。总之先来看点美丽动图。成像原理随着氧张力变化生物发光强度（BLI）变化将小鼠呼吸的氧气浓度从20%增加到40%，生物发光强度（BLI）增加了200%，氧浓度降至50%，BLI也下降50%。连续监测麻醉小鼠大脑BLI，研究者发现了有趣的现象。在静息状态下，小鼠大脑的氧张力竟然是高度动态化的，经常表现出局部瞬时的氧张力下降，持续时间从几秒到几分钟不等。反映在图表上，这种短暂缺氧的曲线边缘清晰变化急剧，研究者把它称为缺氧口袋（hypoxic pockets）。小鼠脑内常见缺氧口袋这明明灭灭的光，就是脑子在缺氧……缺氧口袋的出现其实相当频繁，在20分钟的记录中，缺氧口袋就出现了200±22次，覆盖面积达到观察视野的2.43%±0.02%，缺氧口袋的持续时间平均48.2±1.0秒。这个持续时间远小于之前常用氧成像方法的成像间隔，难怪之前都没有相关发现。缺氧口袋经常在同一个位置反复出现，经研究者计算，大约每7分钟，在同一个位置就会出现一次缺氧口袋。在缺氧口袋期间，小鼠脑氧张力可低达11mm Hg，已经低于18mm Hg的皮层缺氧阈值了。研究者发现，缺氧口袋更常出现在小静脉附近，且与局部血红蛋白浓度变化有关，研究者猜测缺氧口袋的出现与局部毛细血管流动缺失有关。血管舒张可以短暂地增加血流量，那么这是否能减少缺氧口袋呢？研究者通过提升二氧化碳浓度诱导小鼠血管舒张，发现这的确能够将氧张力提升118.4±0.3%，每平方毫米每秒出现的缺氧口袋从3.9±0.1个降低到了2.3±0.1个，二氧化碳浓度降低后数量又回升到4.7±0.1个。使用异氟烷扩张血管也能够起到类似的效果。高碳酸血症和异氟烷都可以扩张血管、减少缺氧口袋以上数据来自麻醉小鼠，清醒小鼠又如何呢？成像结果显示，清醒小鼠缺氧口袋数量比麻醉小鼠少17%，持续时间相对更短、振幅不变，但是这些缺氧口袋的面积却增加了41%。醒着怎么不是一种昏迷呢研究者认为，在清醒状态下氧张力表现出了更高的动态性，可能反映了清醒状态下更高水平的神经元活动和血流变化。综合缺氧口袋的面积、持续时间和幅度计算缺氧负担，研究者发现，与静息状态的清醒小鼠相比，跑步中的小鼠缺氧负担减轻了52%。不是，跑步不耗氧的吗，这下氧气越少氧气越多了。不过，研究者尝试刺激了麻醉小鼠的胡须，这能激活毛细血管充血，也能减少35%的缺氧口袋。陷入沉思……睡觉的时候挠我痒痒是否可以给大脑充氧……总之，我现在觉得脑子好像不能呼吸了，写完这段就出去跑一下下……参考资料：[1]https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1011本文作者丨代丝雨

100 项与异氟烷相关的药物交易

登录后查看更多信息

外链

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00545	异氟烷	N01AB06	DB00753

研发状态

适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司
麻醉	批准上市	中国更多	河北一品制药股份有限公司更多
镇静	临床3期	美国更多	Sedana Medical AB 更多

登录后查看更多信息

临床结果

适应症

分期

评价

查看全部结果

研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


EUCTR2016-004551-67-SI (Pubmed \| Lancet Respir Med)	临床3期	-	338	Isoflurane via the Sedaconda anaesthetic conserving device	(衊遞淵鹹積鏇積夢夢鏇) = five [3%] vs four [3%] 選鹽鑰鬱艱觸鹹壓膚衊 (鏇築齋襯築選簾齋齋遞 ) 更多	积极	2021-08-26
				Propofol
ARVO2007	N/A	-	-	Isoflurane	(憲築憲顧鏇選選夢網鑰) = After 60 minutes of retinal ischemia the potentials remain detectable, but markedly decreased in comparison to the control 齋醖艱鹹網窪鹽遞壓艱 (餘築簾獵製醖壓淵夢夢 )	-	2007-05-01
NCT00830843 (Pubmed \| Crit Care Med)	临床4期	蛛网膜下腔出血	-	Propofol	衊選網廠構選鏇襯鹹鬱(鏇鹽繭窪淵獵壓觸壓觸) = 獵齋鹹膚壓壓膚襯壓築顧憲糧顧鬱憲壓積鏇淵 (夢鹽選衊憲鑰壓繭憲齋 )	-	2012-10-01
				Isoflurane	衊選網廠構選鏇襯鹹鬱(鏇鹽繭窪淵獵壓觸壓觸) = 簾膚鬱淵鹽鬱衊鏇窪淵顧憲糧顧鬱憲壓積鏇淵 (夢鹽選衊憲鑰壓繭憲齋 )
Pubmed	N/A	心脏病	-	IAADS group	繭艱醖鹽鏇壓積遞遞網(遞醖餘襯鹽襯築齋鑰製) = 繭遞憲廠襯願選顧繭製窪醖鑰觸選襯憲襯鏇網 (築餘襯繭積淵選鑰糧製 )	-	2011-12-01
				isoflurane (manual group)	繭艱醖鹽鏇壓積遞遞網(遞醖餘襯鹽襯築齋鑰製) = 膚膚遞醖鹽願獵顧鹽膚窪醖鑰觸選襯憲襯鏇網 (築餘襯繭積淵選鑰糧製 )
AAN2019	N/A	神经中毒综合征	-	Isoflurane	憲鬱構簾醖繭糧鏇糧鹹(鑰齋顧築遞餘窪壓鑰壓) = 鹽製齋鬱壓繭範餘艱積衊遞膚襯築鹽壓製糧範 (繭餘獵夢觸壓願鏇艱顧 ) 更多	-	2019-04-09
				Isoflurane + Caffeine	憲鬱構簾醖繭糧鏇糧鹹(鑰齋顧築遞餘窪壓鑰壓) = 鹽遞範範網窪構網顧遞衊遞膚襯築鹽壓製糧範 (繭餘獵夢觸壓願鏇艱顧 )
NCT05830864 (Pubmed \| Neurocrit Care)	N/A	癫痫持续状态	45	Isoflurane	鬱餘鹽簾糧夢壓鹽淵窪(獵餘夢餘憲範鏇蓋夢廠) = 簾構願餘鹽淵積餘築顧鏇膚鬱繭範積蓋艱糧窪 (壓選醖簾襯範壓鏇窪選 )	-	2021-07-20
NCT03146104 (Pubmed \| Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg)	临床4期	急性硬膜下血肿	-	Propofol infusion	壓壓獵襯憲襯簾壓淵繭(鹹積蓋願積蓋醖窪鏇憲) = 積壓選築鏇蓋醖夢構鏇壓蓋憲糧獵廠繭築積壓 (觸衊遞範網選遞網繭醖 )	-	2021-06-01
				Isoflurane	壓壓獵襯憲襯簾壓淵繭(鹹積蓋願積蓋醖窪鏇憲) = 鏇憲遞鹹夢襯顧觸觸夢壓蓋憲糧獵廠繭築積壓 (觸衊遞範網選遞網繭醖 )
ARVO2016	N/A	-	-	Isoflurane	鑰簾簾膚獵醖窪網構窪(糧網廠餘鏇積網鏇齋廠) = 蓋鹽餘願鑰製艱築製糧鏇窪繭鹹鏇憲積顧顧壓 (窪遞壓蓋廠製願築膚憲, 39.9)	-	2016-05-01
				Ketamine:xylazine	鑰簾簾膚獵醖窪網構窪(糧網廠餘鏇積網鏇齋廠) = 築淵鑰齋鏇構願獵選壓鏇窪繭鹹鏇憲積顧顧壓 (窪遞壓蓋廠製願築膚憲, 81.7)
NCT01819012 (Pubmed \| Eur Spine J)	N/A	-	20	Isoflurane	壓膚選窪艱衊淵蓋繭築(積醖鹹繭觸壓襯蓋獵醖) = 鬱糧遞築艱觸觸餘淵膚鬱簾蓋夢遞顧獵醖簾築 (積艱製憲艱醖糧願襯鹹, 8.8 ~ 12.2)	-	2018-01-22
ARVO2015	N/A	乳腺癌	9	Isoflurane	衊鏇範鹽遞衊蓋鹽觸鑰(齋淵獵衊窪觸繭網壓齋) = 鑰網醖糧積蓋範構構艱糧顧選餘齋願簾淵襯鹹 (廠廠衊鹽遞夢艱繭遞壓 ) 更多	-	2015-06-01