PRISM-TB is an international, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled, pragmatic, stratified medicine, treatment shortening, noninferiority Phase 3 clinical trial for fluoroquinolone-susceptible multidrug-resistant/rifampin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (FQ-S MDR/RR-TB).
The trial objective is to evaluate whether stratified medicine treatment strategies for FQ-S MDR/RR-TB, defined by a pre-specified risk stratification algorithm, have noninferior efficacy to a one-size-fits-all control regimen (the local standard-of-care [SOC] regimen consistent with preferred regimen(s) in international guidelines), as measured by TB-related unfavorable outcomes at Week 73.

开始日期2026-10-01

申办/合作机构

The University of California, San Francisco

[+1]

NCT06921213

/ Not yet recruiting临床2期IIT

Comprehensive Ambulatory Antibiotics for the Treatment of Congenital Syphilis

CARES-1 is a randomised, open-label, phase II pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety study of ambulatory antibiotics for the treatment of neonates with "all-risk" asymptomatic congenital syphilis.

开始日期2025-10-01

申办/合作机构

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

[+5]

NCT06958835

/ Not yet recruitingN/AIIT

Combination Antibiotic Treatment With Linezolid for Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteraemia: a Randomised Controlled Trial

The aim of the study is to assess whether targeting virulence factors by administering linezolid in addition to standard antibiotic treatment improves outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.

开始日期2025-09-01

申办/合作机构

Swiss National Science Foundation

100 项与利奈唑胺相关的临床结果

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100 项与利奈唑胺相关的转化医学

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100 项与利奈唑胺相关的专利（医药）

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9,180

项与利奈唑胺相关的文献（医药）

2025-12-31·Emerging Microbes & Infections

Genomic islands and molecular mechanisms relating to drug-resistance in Clostridioides ( Clostridium ) difficile PCR ribotype 176

Article

作者: Soltesova, Anna ; Pituch, Hanna ; Kuijper, Ed ; Brajerova, Marie ; Balikova Novotna, Gabriela ; Prasad, Suhanya ; Demay, Fanny ; Zikova, Jaroslava ; Novakova, Elena ; Kovarovic, Vojtech ; Krutova, Marcela ; Smits, Wiep Klaas

OBJECTIVES:

To analyse characteristics of Clostridioides difficile PCR ribotype 176 clinical isolates from Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia with regard to the differences in its epidemiology.

METHODS:

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on a selected group of 22 clonally related isolates as determined by multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (n = 509). Heterologous expression and functional analysis of the newly identified methyltransferase were performed.

RESULTS:

Core genome multilocus sequence typing found 10-37 allele differences. All isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones (gyrA_p. T82I), aminoglycosides with aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia in six isolates. Erythromycin resistance was detected in 21/22 isolates and 15 were also resistant to clindamycin with ermB gene. Fourteen isolates were resistant to rifampicin with rpoB_p. R505K or p. R505K/H502N, and five to imipenem with pbp1_p. P491L and pbp3_p. N537K. PnimB^G together with nimB_p. L155I were detected in all isolates but only five were resistant to metronidazole on chocolate agar. The cfrE, vanZ1 and cat-like genes were not associated with linezolid, teicoplanin and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively. The genome comparison identified six transposons carrying antimicrobial resistance genes. The ermB gene was carried by new Tn7808, Tn6189 and Tn6218-like. The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia were carried by Tn6218-like and new Tn7806 together with cfrE gene. New Tn7807 carried a cat-like gene. Tn6110 and new Tn7806 contained an RlmN-type 23S rRNA methyltransferase, designated MrmA, associated with high-level macrolide resistance in isolates without ermB gene.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multidrug-resistant C. difficile PCR ribotype 176 isolates carry already described and unique transposons. A novel mechanism for erythromycin resistance in C. difficile was identified.

2025-12-01·MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS

The molecular basis of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to linezolid and the role of silver nanoparticles in attenuating linezolid resistance

Article

作者: El Rabey, Haddad A ; Salah, Nouran M ; Alalawy, Adel I

BACKGROUND:

Several linezolid resistance mechanisms have been reported in human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study investigated the molecular basis of methicillin resistance in S. aureus with increased linezolid minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).

METHODS AND RESULTS:

The antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from S. aureus and rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) was evaluated against linezolid-resistant S. aureus strains. 81% of the isolates were MRSA, and 20% were linezolid resistant. Twelve isolates were linezolid-resistant S. aureus (LRSA) via the agar dilution. Molecular confirmation of linezolid-resistant S. aureus was performed by detecting the nuc gene and sequencing the 16 S rRNA gene. Molecular analysis of the resistant isolates revealed that mutations in domain V of the 23 S rRNA, rplC and rplV genes were detected in all the isolates, whereas the cfr gene was not assigned. DNA sequencing revealed that the major mutation in our isolates was a G to A mutation at different positions despite the presence of the T2500A mutation.

CONCLUSIONS:

AgNPs synthesized from rosemary leaves and S. aureus had a significant antimicrobial effect on LRSA isolates. In addition, the LRSA isolates became sensitive to linezolid after mixing linezolid with the synthesized AgNPs.

2025-08-01·MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS

Antibiofilm activity of arachidonic acid against linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: A potential strategy for combating biofilm-related infections

Article

作者: Wang, Yu ; He, Meibo ; Shen, Hong ; Gu, Li ; Wei, Ming ; Wang, Shuai ; Li, Tianmeng ; Liu, Jun ; Wang, Peng

Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, readily forms biofilms on surfaces, contributing to its virulence and antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have highlighted arachidonic acid (AA) as a promising antibiofilm agent. This investigation aimed to elucidate the antibiofilm activity of AA against linezolid-resistant E. faecalis and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. A total of 21 E. faecalis strains were included in this study: the standard strain ATCC 29212 and 20 linezolid-resistant clinical isolates. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and AA, the microbroth dilution method was performed. Checkerboard microdilution assays were also performed to assess the interaction between AA and linezolid. The crystal violet method was performed to evaluate the biofilm formation abilities of E. faecalis and the biofilm inhibition activities of different concentrations of AA (0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM). In addition, the expression levels of biofilm-related genes (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC, gelE, ace, atlA, and esp) were measured employing quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). All clinical strains exhibited resistance to linezolid and tetracycline while remaining susceptible to other antibiotics, including penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and tigecycline. The MICs of AA against all 21 E. faecalis isolates were >1 mM. Synergy was observed in 75 % of strains (15/20), while additivity was observed in 25 % strains (5/20). All isolates displayed strong biofilm-forming abilities. AA significantly reduced biofilm formation with average inhibition rates of 68.16 %, 69.64 %, and 72.01 % at concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). AA treatment resulted in decreased expression of ebpB, ebpC, ace, and atlA (P < 0.001), while simultaneously increasing gelE expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AA exhibited potent inhibitory effects on E. faecalis biofilm formation probably by influencing bacterial adhesion. The addition of AA can restore the susceptibility of linezolid against E. faecalis. These findings suggest that AA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and treating E. faecalis infections, particularly those associated with biofilm formation.

272

项与利奈唑胺相关的新闻（医药）

2025-05-11

·奇点网

《细胞》：修改教科书！中国科学家发现细菌感染细胞全新模式，哪里“紧张”去哪里丨科学大发现

*仅供医学专业人士阅读参考细菌感染是一系列动态过程，从黏上细胞、进入细胞，再到扩散到其他细胞，涉及复杂的分子过程。有趣的是，致病菌在侵入宿主细胞的时候，有着明显的“喜好”差异，长期以来的研究都观察到，致病菌更倾向于在肠道和呼吸道的隐窝样结构中定植。这很奇怪啊，隐窝到底有什么吸引病菌的，总不能是隐窝有个坑所以菌容易存在里边儿吧？细菌容易定植在隐窝结构中今日，《细胞》杂志发表了来自我国科学家团队的一篇论文，研究者们发现了细菌感染宿主细胞的一种全新模式。研究发现，细菌感染上皮组织的时候并不是随机分布的，而是明显倾向于感染组织中细胞牵引力大的区域，也就是说细菌优先感染什么部位，还会受到组织的几何形状的影响。实验结果显示，经典力敏感离子通道蛋白Piezo1会在高牵引力区域富集并显著激活，形成外囊泡帮助细菌进入细胞。而这一机制也可以被我们反向利用，增加细菌感染部位的局部抗生素浓度，更有效地杀死致病菌。该研究通讯作者为中国农业大学朱奎、北京大学黄建永、中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院黄术强。论文题图为了搞清楚细胞感染组织时的规律，研究者们利用微接触印刷法制作了一批不同形状的模式化上皮单细胞层，能够在微观尺度上模拟上皮组织。有意思的是，当研究者用荧光蛋白标记的金黄色葡萄球菌去感染上皮单细胞层的时候，惊讶地发现在细胞层边缘荧光强度显著更高，也就是说细菌更倾向于感染这些不同形状细胞层的边缘。细菌这属于“描边枪法”用不同细胞打底，又测试了其他知名致病菌，比如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）等等，都出现了类似的细菌感染模式。为什么细菌会对图形边缘独有偏好？研究者分析发现，细胞层图形边缘附近的细胞牵引力更强，相应的，产生牵引力的肌球蛋白II水平也更高。研究者分别用肌球蛋白II的拮抗剂和激动剂去处理细胞，发现拮抗后细菌就不再偏好图形边缘了。研究者一下就想到了Piezo1蛋白，这是一种著名的机械敏感离子通道蛋白，可以响应机械力转导产生胞内生物信号。这个功能对细胞来说非常重要，比如说，细菌脂多糖（LPS）就会上调侵袭部位Piezo1和toll样受体4（TLR4）的组装，从而重塑肌动蛋白、增强巨噬细胞的吞噬作用。实验结果发现，Piezo1明显和细菌共定位，而且它在细胞层图形边缘的富集受肌动蛋白II的调控，拮抗肌动蛋白II会减少Piezo1在边缘的富集，激活肌动蛋白II则会增加其富集。Piezo1和细菌共定位进一步实验发现，Piezo1聚集在细菌周围果然是没干好事，它们竟然伙同肌动蛋白形成囊泡，帮助细菌内化，进入细胞完成感染。Piezo1作用机制研究者在能更好地模拟肠道三维环境的肠道新片上测试了细菌的感染行为。实验结果显示，超过70%的各种病原菌会定植在隐窝样结构中。既然病菌自己聚团了，咱们是不是也能定点打击呢？研究者测试了载药纳米粒子（NPs）递送利奈唑胺（LZD），实验结果显示大约60%的NPs会被准确递送到隐窝样结构中，由于局部抗生素浓度增加，抗菌显著提升。研究者在小鼠的肠道VRE感染模型中进一步测试了NPs策略的可行性。在没有治疗的情况下，大量VRE会积聚在类似隐窝的结构中。相较普通的利奈唑胺处理，NPs递送的抗菌效果显然好得多，治疗后病原菌载荷仅剩1%，相应的由感染导致的组织损伤也好转了很多。NPs的抗菌效果更好这可真是厉害，精确打击了病原菌聚集地，局部提升抗生素浓度，既能够增强疗效，又有助于减轻毒副作用，可谓一举两得了。参考资料：[1]Han et al., Tissue geometry spatiotemporally drives bacterial infections, Cell (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.042本文作者丨代丝雨

微生物疗法

2025-04-24

·PRNewswire

Price of Key DR-TB Medicine Drops 25% as TB Alliance's Multi-Manufacturer Strategy Expands Access

TB Alliance's third licensed manufacturer makes pretomanid available through the Global Drug Facility, further improving affordability and access NEW YORK, April 24, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- TB Alliance applauds a new milestone in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB): a 25% price reduction for pretomanid, a key component of the BPaL/M regimens. Pretomanid is now available through the Global Drug Facility (GDF) at just $169 per treatment course—less than $1 per day, a key pricing benchmark identified by the global TB advocacy community. This latest price drop—down from $364 upon pretomanid's initial approval in 2019, and down further from $224 in October 2024—reflects ongoing efforts by TB Alliance and its partners to broaden access and improve affordability through a multi-manufacturer approach to access. TB Alliance, a nonprofit organization that developed pretomanid, has pioneered an innovative access model by partnering with multiple quality-assured manufacturers. This strategy helped launch pretomanid at an initial low price and ensured rapid, sustainable, and affordable access across high-TB burden countries. Simultaneously, by enabling healthy competition and fostering multiple high-quality supply sources, TB Alliance's strategy expanded availability while driving down costs. "This progress demonstrates how thoughtful collaboration and planning can translate into real-world impact," said Dr. Mel Spigelman, President and CEO of TB Alliance. "By enabling multiple high-quality producers to supply this medicine, we're fostering a healthy and sustainable market to deliver on our mandate that the life-saving medicines we develop will be adopted, available, and affordable to all those in need. We're grateful to partners such as Lupin and GDF for their shared commitment to supplying the market with life-saving TB medicines and stand committed to working with all our manufacturing partners to ensure equitable and affordable access." The current GDF price reduction, led by Lupin Limited, represents a crucial step in delivering on this vision. Procurement through GDF will save an estimated $37 million annually according to The Stop TB Partnership, the organization responsible for managing GDF, allowing for the treatment of an additional 120,000 people with DR-TB. Together with recent price reductions for the other regimen components, the cost of a full BPaL/M treatment course has dropped to a new low of $310—less than $2 per day, and a 47% reduction from its December 2022 price. BPaL/M is a six-month treatment recommended by the World Health Organization to treat most forms of DR-TB. It consists of bedaquiline (B), pretomanid (Pa), and linezolid (L), with or without moxifloxacin (M). In 2024 alone, approximately 110,000 courses of pretomanid were ordered across the world—enough to treat more than 60% of the global market for DR-TB treatment, perhaps the fastest ever scale up for a new TB medicine in modern times. "Lupin is proud to collaborate with TB Alliance and the Global Drug Facility to make pretomanid, an essential medicine in the fight against multidrug-resistant TB, more accessible and affordable for TB patients across the globe," said Ramesh Swaminathan, Global CFO, Executive Director, Head of API Plus SBU at Lupin. "The recent price reduction reflects our strong and deep-rooted commitment to delivering high-quality and affordable medicines to TB patients worldwide. Through this partnership, we reaffirm our dedication to patient-centric innovation and equitable access, ensuring that countries burdened by TB have the necessary treatment options they need to save lives and strengthen public health systems." "For years, advocates from the TB community have called for TB treatments that are not just effective, but also affordable for every person who needs them," said Olya Klymenko, Development Director of TBPeopleUkraine. "The full BPaL/M regimen now costing less than $2 per day is deeply meaningful. We express our gratitude to everyone who made this result possible. There really is no reason for governments and health systems around the world to not provide these treatments to every person who can benefit from them." TB Alliance remains committed to expanding its innovative access model to ensure new innovations in TB treatment reach all who need them as rapidly as possible. With additional planned future tenders, TB Alliance expects additional price reductions for pretomanid in the future. Beyond pricing strategies, TB Alliance continues to develop and execute innovative market access initiatives like LIFT-TB, SLASH-TB, and the PeerLINC Knowledge Hub to speed the global uptake, procurement, and implementation of shortened DR-TB treatments for all who need them around the world. About TB TB is a difficult infection to cure, requiring patients to take a combination of medicines for at least four to six months. Even after symptoms disappear, medicines still need to be taken so that all traces of the disease can be fully eradicated. The scope and intensity of TB globally is in large part fueled by antiquated and inadequate TB drugs. Novel drug regimens are urgently needed to bring the TB pandemic under control. About BPaL The BPaL regimen—which combines the antibiotics bedaquiline (B), pretomanid (Pa), and linezolid (L)—was first clinically studied by TB Alliance. Pretomanid, as part of the BPaL regimen, received its first regulatory approval in August 2019 for use against highly drug-resistant strains of TB. Previously, less than two-thirds of drug-resistant TB patients around the world had been successfully treated. Treatment options were limited, expensive, toxic, and lengthy – requiring patients to take more than 20 pills per day for 9-20 months. About TB Alliance TB Alliance is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to finding faster-acting and affordable drug regimens to fight TB. Through innovative science and with partners around the globe, we aim to ensure equitable access to faster, better TB cures that will advance global health and prosperity. TB Alliance operates with support from Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (United Kingdom), Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research through KfW, Global Disease Eradication Fund (South Korea), Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, Irish Aid, Korea International Cooperation Agency, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Unitaid, and the United States Agency for International Development. For more information, please visit: . Media Contact: Jess Wiggs at [email protected] SOURCE TB Alliance WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

上市批准

2025-04-22

·爱尔真 Aerogen

【文献速递】肺移植术后雾化治疗的应用与临床获益

引言肺移植术后雾化治疗的临床意义肺移植是针对终末期肺部疾病患者的重要治疗手段，旨在延长生命并改善生活质量。然而，肺移植术后仍然面临着诸多挑战，包括急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应以及感染等并发症，这些问题严重影响着患者的长期生存和移植肺的功能维持1。慢性肺同种异体移植功能障碍（CLAD），特别是其中的闭塞性细支气管炎综合征（BOS），是导致移植失败和患者死亡的主要原因之一2。因此，寻找有效预防和治疗这些并发症的方法至关重要。雾化治疗对于肺移植患者的意义雾化治疗作为一种将液体药物转化为细小雾滴，使其能够直接被患者吸入肺部的给药方式，在呼吸系统疾病的管理中占据着独特的地位3。与全身给药方式相比，雾化治疗具有提高局部药物浓度、减少全身暴露和潜在副作用的优势3。鉴于移植肺直接暴露于外部环境的特殊性，雾化治疗在肺移植患者中具有广阔的应用前景，有望在预防和治疗多种术后并发症方面发挥关键作用，从而改善患者的整体预后4。本报告旨在通过系统回顾中英文资料，深入探讨雾化治疗在肺移植患者中的应用、已证实的临床获益以及潜在的风险，以期为临床实践和未来的研究方向提供有价值的参考。肺移植的成功在很大程度上受到术后并发症的影响。雾化治疗通过靶向给药，有可能显著改善患者的治疗效果。移植肺与环境的直接接触使其更容易受到侵害，而雾化治疗恰好能将药物直接输送到这一关键部位。雾化治疗在肺移植术后感染管理中的应用与临床获益肺移植患者由于需要长期接受免疫抑制治疗以防止排斥反应，其免疫系统功能受到抑制，因此成为感染的高风险人群5。常见的感染类型包括细菌性肺炎和真菌感染，这些感染是导致患者发病率和死亡率增加的重要原因。1雾化抗生素在预防和治疗细菌感染中的应用：在肺移植患者中，雾化抗生素已被用于预防和治疗多种细菌感染，尤其针对那些对抗生素具有耐药性的菌株6。妥布霉素和黏菌素是临床实践中常用的雾化抗生素，它们对铜绿假单胞菌等难治性革兰阴性菌感染具有较好的抗菌活性6。此外，一些研究也探索了雾化阿米卡星和阿奇霉素在肺移植患者中的应用7。雾化抗生素的主要优势在于能够直接在肺部达到较高的药物浓度，从而提高局部杀菌效果，同时显著减少药物的全身暴露，降低潜在的肾毒性或耳毒性等全身副作用3。研究显示，雾化妥布霉素可用于预防供体肺部可能携带的感染，并且在肺移植患者入住重症监护室（ICU）期间，雾化抗生素可作为二级预防措施，防止新的感染发生6。雾化黏菌素已被证明可以有效地维持肺移植患者下呼吸道的无菌状态，降低患者的住院率，并可能对患者的长期生存产生积极影响8。然而，值得注意的是，雾化妥布霉素在部分患者中可能发生全身吸收，尤其是在需要机械通气的患者中，这可能导致血清药物浓度升高，并增加发生急性肾损伤的风险6。因此，对于接受雾化抗生素治疗的肺移植患者，特别是危重患者，需要密切监测药物的全身吸收情况和肾功能变化。2雾化抗真菌药物在预防和治疗真菌感染中的应用：真菌感染是肺移植患者面临的另一主要威胁。雾化抗真菌药物，特别是两性霉素B，已广泛应用于肺移植术后的真菌预防和治疗，尤其针对侵袭性真菌感染，如曲霉菌感染9。研究表明，雾化两性霉素B能够直接作用于肺部，最大限度地减少全身吸收和相关的毒性，因此被广泛用于肺移植术后的真菌预防，并且与极低的肺部真菌感染发生率相关10。此外，脂质体两性霉素B与传统的去氧胆酸盐两性霉素B相比，通常具有更好的患者耐受性10。一些研究还发现，延长雾化两性霉素B的疗程（超过3个月）可能比短期或中期的预防性治疗更能有效地预防侵袭性真菌感染，且不良反应的发生率没有显著增加11。除了两性霉素B，也有案例报道使用雾化伏立康唑、米卡芬净、利奈唑胺和万古霉素成功治疗肺移植患者的真菌感染12。特别地，雾化米卡芬净在治疗肺移植受者由念珠菌或微孢子菌引起的气管支气管炎方面显示出良好的安全性和有效性13。虽然雾化抗真菌药物通常具有良好的耐受性，但仍需密切关注患者可能出现的呼吸道症状，如咳嗽和支气管痉挛14。雾化治疗在改善肺移植患者气道分泌物清除方面的作用与临床获益肺移植术后，患者的气道分泌物清除能力常常受到影响15。这主要是因为移植的肺组织失去了原有的神经支配，导致纤毛清除功能减弱，咳嗽反射也可能受到抑制，从而使得气道内的分泌物容易潴留，增加了感染的风险。1雾化黏液溶解剂的应用：为了帮助肺移植患者清除气道内的黏液，临床上会使用雾化黏液溶解剂。常用的雾化黏液溶解剂包括N-乙酰半胱氨酸、高渗盐水和重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶（dornase alfa）16。高渗盐水通过增加气道黏膜表面液体层的容量，改变黏液的流变学特性，加速纤毛的清除功能，并刺激患者咳嗽，从而有助于清除气道内的分泌物15。Dornase alfa是一种重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶，它通过消化炎症细胞释放的细胞外DNA发挥作用，降低痰液的黏稠度，从而促进痰液的排出。在囊性纤维化患者中，dornase alfa已被证明具有长期改善肺功能的积极作用15。然而，一项针对肺移植术后下呼吸道感染患者的研究发现，雾化dornase alfa与雾化等渗盐水相比，在改善肺清除指数（LCI）方面没有显著差异17。目前，关于雾化黏液溶解剂在肺移植患者中的确切疗效，仍然缺乏充分的来自随机对照试验的证据42。尽管如此，在其他以黏液分泌过多为特征的呼吸系统疾病中，如囊性纤维化和支气管扩张症，雾化黏液溶解剂已显示出一定的益处18。雾化治疗在管理肺移植患者气道炎症和支气管痉挛方面的应用与临床获益雾化治疗在管理肺移植患者气道炎症和支气管痉挛方面的应用与临床获益。1雾化支气管扩张剂的应用：雾化支气管扩张剂，如沙丁胺醇和异丙托溴铵等短效β受体激动剂和抗胆碱能药物，常被用于缓解肺移植患者的支气管痉挛，改善气流受限19。这些药物通过直接作用于气道平滑肌，能够快速扩张支气管，缓解患者的呼吸困难症状，并改善肺功能指标20。研究表明，在肺移植术后早期使用雾化β2受体激动剂和抗胆碱能药物，可以加速肺部血管外水分的清除，有助于减轻肺水肿21。然而，一项针对脑死亡供体的研究显示，高剂量雾化沙丁胺醇并未能改善供体的氧合状态或增加可用于移植的肺的数量，反而更可能导致供体出现心动过速22。这提示在肺移植的不同阶段和不同人群中，雾化支气管扩张剂的应用可能需要更细致的评估。2雾化皮质类固醇的应用：吸入性皮质类固醇（ICS），如布地奈德和氟替卡松，已被研究用于管理肺移植患者的气道炎症23。一项研究表明，雾化布地奈德可能作为全身免疫抑制剂的辅助治疗，有助于控制肺移植术后患者的气道炎症，特别是淋巴细胞性细支气管炎24。然而，另一项研究发现，雾化氟替卡松丙酸酯在预防肺移植术后常见的慢性并发症——支气管闭塞综合征（BOS）方面效果不佳25。值得注意的是，在早期急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者中，雾化布地奈德显示出改善氧合和降低气道压力的作用，并能显著降低炎症标志物的水平26。此外，临床医生在使用雾化皮质类固醇时需要警惕潜在的药物相互作用。例如，雾化皮质类固醇可能与伊曲康唑等强效CYP3A4抑制剂发生相互作用，导致全身性皮质类固醇水平升高，从而引起库欣综合征等不良反应27。雾化治疗对肺移植患者肺功能、生活质量和生存率的总体临床获益评估雾化治疗在改善肺移植患者的整体临床结局方面显示出潜在的益处。研究表明，雾化治疗，特别是雾化免疫抑制剂如环孢素，在改善肺移植患者的生存率和无慢性排斥反应生存率方面具有显著的潜力4。一项重要的研究发现，对于出现早期器官排斥迹象的肺移植患者，吸入脂质体环孢素可以显著提高他们的生存几率并改善肺功能4。此外，雾化抗生素如黏菌素已被证明可以改善因囊性纤维化而接受肺移植的患者的长期生存率8。除了对生存率的潜在影响，雾化治疗在改善患者的生活质量方面也可能发挥积极作用28。这可能通过多种机制实现，例如改善患者的呼吸功能，减轻呼吸困难等症状，以及通过预防和治疗感染来减少疾病负担。肺康复计划，通常包括呼吸功能训练等环节，已被广泛认可为促进肺移植患者术后恢复、提高生活质量和改善生存结局的有效措施29。雾化治疗可以作为肺康复计划的一部分，进一步增强其效果。表1：雾化治疗对肺移植患者临床结局的潜在影响总结雾化治疗在肺移植排斥反应管理中的应用肺移植后，患者的免疫系统可能将移植的肺部识别为外来物质并对其发起攻击，导致排斥反应。排斥反应是影响移植肺功能和患者长期生存的主要障碍，包括急性排斥反应和慢性排斥反应，其中慢性排斥反应最常见的是闭塞性细支气管炎综合征（BOS）1。1雾化免疫抑制剂的应用探索：为了直接针对移植肺部的免疫反应，研究人员一直在探索雾化免疫抑制剂在肺移植排斥反应管理中的应用。雾化环孢素：研究表明，通过雾化方式给予环孢素可以直接在肺组织中达到比全身给药更高的药物浓度，从而更有效地预防和治疗排斥反应，同时显著降低全身副作用19。临床试验结果显示，雾化环孢素与传统的全身免疫抑制治疗联合使用，可以显著降低慢性排斥反应的发生率，提高患者的生存率，并且观察到的副作用通常较为轻微，主要包括气道刺激和支气管痉挛19。更进一步的研究表明，雾化脂质体环孢素在改善已经发生BOS的肺移植患者的生存率和肺功能方面也显示出积极的效果4。雾化他克莫司：除了环孢素，研究人员也开始探索其他雾化免疫抑制剂的应用。一项案例报告描述了雾化他克莫司在治疗一名患有BOS的肺移植受者中取得了临床改善，患者的功能能力和氧合状态均有所提高30。初步研究表明，雾化他克莫司在肺移植患者中具有可行性和安全性，并且能够达到可预测的药物浓度31。这为未来进一步研究雾化他克莫司在肺移植排斥反应管理中的作用奠定了基础。雾化治疗在肺移植患者中的潜在风险或副作用尽管雾化治疗在肺移植患者中具有诸多潜在的益处，但也存在一些潜在的风险和副作用需要临床医生和患者关注23。这些风险既包括药物本身可能引起的副作用，也包括雾化设备使用不当可能导致的问题。例如，雾化抗生素如妥布霉素可能引起患者出现耳鸣、发音困难、支气管痉挛和听力损失等不良反应，并且存在导致肾毒性的潜在风险7。雾化黏菌素则可能引起咳嗽、支气管痉挛和咽喉刺激等不适症状7。雾化抗真菌药物，如常用的两性霉素B，可能会导致患者出现呼吸急促、咳嗽、味觉异常和支气管痉挛等副作用7。对于雾化免疫抑制剂，如环孢素，一些患者可能会出现气道刺激和支气管痉挛等反应19。在早期的研究中，使用粉末制剂的雾化环孢素曾报告引起持续性咳嗽和咽喉疼痛等副作用，这提示药物制剂的选择和雾化设备的优化对于减少不良反应至关重要4。此外，雾化治疗的有效性受到多种因素的影响，包括所使用的雾化器的类型、药物的剂量、患者的吸入技术以及患者肺部的病理生理状态等32。如果不规范地使用雾化设备或药物，可能导致药物无法有效地输送到肺部，从而影响治疗效果，甚至可能对患者造成潜在的危害32。因此，对患者进行充分的教育和培训，确保他们掌握正确的雾化吸入技术，对于提高治疗效果和减少不良反应至关重要。爱尔真技术在肺移植术后雾化治疗的应用爱尔真作为全球急重症领域雾化解决方案领导者，通过Aerogen Solo加Aerogen Ultra的组合，能为患者提供高达34%的雾化药物肺部沉积率。同时，爱尔真与其他外部合作伙伴（如两性霉素B及多粘菌素的生产厂家），结合多方产品优势，积极在肺移植术后治疗领域开展合作和探索，已在国内外多家医院开展使用爱尔真产品的治疗及康复管理，为患者提供院内及院外的全流程雾化治疗解决方案。结论与未来展望综上所述，雾化治疗在肺移植患者的术后管理中展现出广泛的应用前景和显著的临床获益。它不仅在预防和治疗感染方面发挥着关键作用，通过雾化抗生素和抗真菌药物直接作用于肺部，提高了局部药物浓度，降低了全身毒性；同时，雾化支气管扩张剂和皮质类固醇在管理气道炎症和支气管痉挛方面也显示出一定的疗效。更重要的是，雾化免疫抑制剂如环孢素的出现，为预防和治疗慢性排斥反应（BOS）带来了新的希望，并可能改善患者的长期生存率和生活质量。虽然雾化黏液溶解剂在肺移植患者中的作用仍需进一步研究证实，但其在改善气道分泌物清除方面也具有潜在价值。未来的研究方向应侧重于进一步优化雾化药物的种类、剂量、给药方案和递送设备，以提高治疗效果并减少副作用。同时，需要进行更大规模、设计严谨的随机对照试验，以更充分地评估雾化治疗在肺移植患者中的长期临床获益和安全性。此外，探索雾化治疗与其他治疗方法（如肺康复、全身免疫抑制剂调整）的协同作用，有望为肺移植患者提供更全面、更有效的治疗策略，从而实现更好的长期预后。引用文献目录：[1]Life after lung transplant - Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, https://www.pulmonaryfibrosis.org/docs/default-source/programs/educational-materials/life-after-lung-transplant/post-transplant-booklet.pdf[2]Lung Transplant - Renovion, https://www.renovion.com/lung-transplant[3]Aerosolized Administration of Drugs: Possible Future Agents and the Role of the RCP, https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/chronic-pulmonary-disorders/asthma/aerosolized-administration-of-drugs-possible-future-agents-and-the-role-of-the-rcp/[4]Inhaled immunosuppressant could improve prognosis of lung transplant patients, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191113/Inhaled-immunosuppressant-could-improve-prognosis-of-lung-transplant-patients.aspx[5]Bacterial infections in lung transplantation - McCort - Journal of Thoracic Disease, https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/51507/html[6]Tobramycin Systemic Absorption in Lung Transplant Recipients Treated With Inhaled Tobramycin: A Cohort Study - Frontiers Publishing Partnerships, https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2024.12579/full[7]Inhaled Antibiotics for Lower Airway Infections - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4028738/[8]Inhaled colistin following lung transplantation in colonised cystic fibrosis patients, https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/42/2/542[9]Nebulized Amphotericin B Dosing Regimen for Aspergillus Prevention After Lung Transplant, https://www.ectrx.org/class/pdfPreview.php?year=2021&volume=19&issue=1&supplement=0&spage_number=58&makale_no=0[10]Design of Aerosolized Amphotericin B Formulations for Prophylaxis Trials among Lung Transplant Recipients - Oxford Academic, https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/39/Supplement_4/S207/321410[11]Efficacy of different durations of antifungal prophylaxis with nebulized amphotericin B after lung transplantation: a retrospective cohort study, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10636437/[12]New nebulized treatment options for bronchial infection in lung transplant, https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/56/suppl64/1940[13]Nebulized Micafungin Treatment for Scopulariopsis/Microascus Tracheobronchitis in Lung Transplant Recipients | Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy - ASM Journals - American Society for Microbiology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.02174-20[14]Nebulized Amphotericin B Dosing Regimen for Aspergillus Prevention After Lung, Transplant https://www.ectrx.org/detail/current/2021/19/1/0/58/0[15]Investigating the role of nebulised mucolytic therapy during lower respiratory tract infections post lung transplantation - ClinicalTrials.gov, https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/70/NCT01952470/Prot_SAP_000.pdf[16]Oral Inhaled Medications-Beyond Bronchodilators - U.S. Pharmacist, https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/oral-inhaled-medications-beyond-bronchodilators[17]Dornase alfa during lower respiratory tract infection post lung transplantation: a randomized controlled trial | Request PDF - ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330315622_Dornase_alfa_during_lower_respiratory_tract_infection_post_lung_transplantation_a_randomized_controlled_trial[18]Timing of dornase alfa inhalation for cystic fibrosis - Dentice, R - 2021 | Cochrane Library,https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007923.pub6/abstract[19]Helping Lung Transplantees to Successful Outcomes » Aerosolized Cyclosporine,https://secondwindstl.org/who-we-are/articles-by-dr-hacheem/aerosolized-cyclosporine/[20]Critical Care Management of Severe Asthma Exacerbations - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/3/859[21]Benefit of prophylactic bronchodilator with β2 adrenergic agonist in ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury - Tech Science Press, https://www.techscience.com/biocell/v45n5/43077/html[22]A randomized trial of the effects of nebulized albuterol on pulmonary edema in brain-dead organ donors - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24730050/[23]Immunosuppression in lung transplantation - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4133546/[24]Inhaled corticosteroids and the treatment of lymphocytic bronchiolitis following lung transplantation - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11673211/[25]Addition of inhaled corticosteroids to systemic immunosuppression after lung transplantation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12085003/[26]Effect of nebulized budesonide on respiratory mechanics and oxygenation in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: Randomized controlled study - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5292862/[27]Addition of inhaled fluticasone propionate to systemic immunosuppression after lung transplantation: Cushing's syndrome in patients on itraconazole comedication | Request PDF - ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10657707_Addition_of_inhaled_fluticasone_propionate_to_systemic_immunosuppression_after_lung_transplantation_Cushing's_syndrome_in_patients_on_itraconazole_comedication[28]Lung transplant outcomes: a review of survival, graft function, physiology, health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness, https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/24/4/674[29]The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation training program for patients after lung transplantation - Journal of Thoracic Disease, https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/82564/html[30]Aerosolized tacrolimus: a case report in a lung transplant recipient - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094875/[31]Full article: Inhaled immunosuppressants after lung transplantation –real potential to enhance patient outcomes, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17476348.2024.2434152?src=exp-la[32]European Respiratory Society Guidelines on the use of nebulizers, https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/18/1/228

临床研究

100 项与利奈唑胺相关的药物交易

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外链

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00947	利奈唑胺	J01XX08	DB00601

研发状态

批准上市

10 条最早获批的记录,

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适应症	国家/地区	公司	日期
皮肤和皮肤结构感染	美国	Hospira, Inc.	2015-06-18
菌血症	中国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-09-12
细菌感染	中国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-09-12
复杂的皮肤和软组织感染	中国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-09-12
医疗保健相关性肺炎	中国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-09-12
肺炎	中国	Pfizer Inc.	2006-09-12
烧伤感染	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2006-04-20
耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）感染	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2006-04-20
葡萄球菌肺炎	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2006-04-20
脓皮症	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2006-04-20
葡萄球菌皮肤感染	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2006-04-20
交叉感染	中国香港	Pfizer Inc.	2004-10-31
交叉感染	中国台湾	Pfizer Inc.	2004-10-31
糖尿病足	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2003-07-31
葡萄球菌感染	日本	Pfizer Japan, Inc.	2001-04-04
社区获得性肺炎	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2000-04-18
复杂皮肤和皮肤结构感染	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2000-04-18
医院获得性肺炎	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2000-04-18
感染	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2000-04-18
简单的皮肤和皮肤结构感染(uSSSI)	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2000-04-18

未上市

10 条进展最快的记录,

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适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
肺结核	临床3期	格鲁吉亚	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2017-11-21
肺结核	临床3期	摩尔多瓦	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2017-11-21
肺结核	临床3期	俄罗斯	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2017-11-21
细菌性皮肤疾病	临床3期	-	Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC	2015-03-25
广泛耐药结核病	临床3期	南非	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2015-03-01
肺部感染	临床3期	南非	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2015-03-01
多重耐药性肺结核	临床3期	南非	Global Alliance for TB Drug Development	2015-03-01
视神经疾病	临床3期	美国	Pfizer Inc.	2008-11-01
视神经疾病	临床3期	意大利	Pfizer Inc.	2008-11-01
视神经疾病	临床3期	瑞典	Pfizer Inc.	2008-11-01

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临床结果

适应症

分期

评价

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研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


NCT02619994 (MDR-END, CTgov)	临床2期	耐多药结核病	214	Locally-used WHO-approved MDR-TB regimen in Korea (Control Arm)	鹹構構獵襯膚鏇製艱築 = 齋網顧衊鏇遞醖餘構齋積選鑰範願醖憲觸蓋齋 (鏇糧積鹹膚醖繭願糧構, 憲餘夢淵積壓蓋範鹽廠 ~ 簾餘廠遞構艱遞觸膚鹽) 更多	-	2025-01-03
				Levofloxacin+Linezolid+Delamanid+Pyrazinamide (Experimental Arm)	鹹構構獵襯膚鏇製艱築 = 積窪鹹衊鹹遞鏇淵鏇範積選鑰範願醖憲觸蓋齋 (鏇糧積鹹膚醖繭願糧構, 願鬱壓繭壓願壓鏇獵夢 ~ 顧憲顧獵夢蓋築餘選鑰) 更多
NCT02378480 \| NCT02877927 (OASIS-1, Pubmed \| Infect Dis Ther) 人工标引	临床3期	细菌性皮肤疾病	-	Intravenous Omadacyclinelinezolid	網顧憲選願構淵夢鹹鑰(蓋壓鬱壓遞鏇鏇鑰壓窪) = 範鹹衊衊繭憲窪壓製憲網範積範淵選餘繭鏇築 (膚積構餘願鑰遞廠顧襯 ) 更多	积极	2024-10-26
				Oral Omadacyclinelinezolid	網顧憲選願構淵夢鹹鑰(蓋壓鬱壓遞鏇鏇鑰壓窪) = 積憲鹹願壓構構範築蓋網範積範淵選餘繭鏇築 (膚積構餘願鑰遞廠顧襯 ) 更多
NCT04021121 (ALTER, CTgov)	临床2期	脑膜结核	40	High dose RIF+LZD (High Dose RIF With LZD)	獵蓋鏇鑰觸範膚構鹹醖(繭獵夢選積齋窪顧願醖) = 鹽齋願網衊艱廠積糧艱憲窪醖窪觸鬱鏇蓋範選 (窪範製壓艱艱鑰淵鹹製, 築醖襯鬱構積齋艱壓齋 ~ 願鬱願壓廠憲鹽選選獵) 更多	-	2024-10-01
				Standard dose RIF+LZD (Standard Dose RIF With LZD)	獵蓋鏇鑰觸範膚構鹹醖(繭獵夢選積齋窪顧願醖) = 憲製範簾選糧積窪鏇製憲窪醖窪觸鬱鏇蓋範選 (窪範製壓艱艱鑰淵鹹製, 顧膚膚遞築醖選鬱齋壓 ~ 蓋鏇選鬱顧顧淵蓋憲遞) 更多
ATS2024	N/A	低钠血症	-	Linezolid	顧網夢鬱鑰襯築憲鏇憲(齋夢鹹簾窪夢製艱製選) = Prompt recognition of SIADH and early cessation of linezolid is crucial to prevent serious complications and ICU admission. 製壓醖艱艱顧襯醖鹽簾 (齋廠鏇構鬱衊網憲構鹹 ) 更多	-	2024-05-19
NCT02589782 (TB-PRACTECAL, Pubmed) 人工标引	临床2/3期	广泛耐药结核病	552	rifampicin (Standard care)	獵糧糧蓋網獵鑰構鑰膚(鹽鏇壓鏇餘壓構願遞蓋) = 艱積製鏇襯蓋蓋蓋願選鏇鹽壓遞積構獵淵鬱觸 (淵簾網構顧簾簾製膚餘 ) 更多	积极	2024-02-01
				rifampbedaquilinepretomanidlinezolidmoxifloxacin (BPaLM)	獵糧糧蓋網獵鑰構鑰膚(鹽鏇壓鏇餘壓構願遞蓋) = 鬱餘遞壓膚淵鹹齋襯築鏇鹽壓遞積構獵淵鬱觸 (淵簾網構顧簾簾製膚餘 ) 更多
NCT03896685 (endTB-Q, Pubmed)	临床3期	耐多药结核病	324	Bedaquiline, Linezolid, Clofazimine, Delamanid	繭觸襯鹽夢選顧窪簾糧(製觸製鹽顧窪膚願顧鹽) = 衊願醖衊餘遞遞鑰繭夢構襯衊艱憲壓憲製願遞 (製遞築艱築積醖艱簾鏇 )	积极	2023-11-30
				Contemporaneous WHO standard of care for pre-XDR TB	繭觸襯鹽夢選顧窪簾糧(製觸製鹽顧窪膚願顧鹽) = 艱顧願夢範窪醖襯獵膚構襯衊艱憲壓憲製願遞 (製遞築艱築積醖艱簾鏇 )
NCT03086486 (ZeNix, CTgov)	临床3期	广泛耐药结核病 \| 肺结核 \| 肺部感染	181	Placebo Linezolid+Pretomanid+Linezolid+Bedaquiline (1200mg L x 26 Weeks + Pa + B)	遞網選獵廠構簾醖簾艱(網鏇顧艱鑰鏇憲獵構壓) = 齋繭餘築蓋顧製淵憲醖繭獵觸顧憲鹹鹽範醖窪 (願遞夢夢築衊遞鏇淵襯, 鬱糧齋製夢夢遞鹹醖遞 ~ 衊襯築願壓簾襯鹹選齋) 更多	-	2023-06-29
				Placebo Linezolid+Pretomanid+Linezolid+Bedaquiline (1200 mg L x 9 Weeks + Pa + B)	遞網選獵廠構簾醖簾艱(網鏇顧艱鑰鏇憲獵構壓) = 鑰憲壓衊醖觸鏇願遞餘繭獵觸顧憲鹹鹽範醖窪 (願遞夢夢築衊遞鏇淵襯, 製積廠鹹糧廠襯積鏇顧 ~ 窪築積餘鏇範糧範窪積) 更多
WCO_IOF_ESCEO2023	N/A	关节疾病	70	antibacterial drugs (Staphylococcus aureus)	衊壓齋鑰願衊壓選壓廠(蓋餘衊蓋顧膚遞顧壓夢) = 衊餘範蓋繭簾鑰鑰壓憲獵築繭遞網鑰簾艱鏇糧 (鹽醖醖窪網選製餘壓獵 )	-	2023-05-04
				antibacterial drugs (Staphylococcus epidermidis)	製淵鹽餘鏇繭構顧範願(淵選膚憲鏇鬱鏇顧膚構) = 顧獵膚衊鬱網積齋齋鹽窪襯鏇膚遞餘膚選膚襯 (襯廠鑰鏇鏇艱餘壓膚構 )
NCT01734694 (STOP-NT, CTgov)	临床4期	感染性关节炎 \| 心内膜炎 \| 菌血症 ... 更多	100	Vancomycin (Vancomycin)	艱鏇糧選積廠簾鑰齋鏇 = 繭鏇糧遞廠醖積築網淵範鏇選壓積製顧齋醖齋 (衊鏇顧遞繭憲廠簾範鹽, 鏇醖繭廠夢網構鏇願鏇 ~ 製願鬱糧積醖簾艱願膚) 更多	-	2023-05-03
				Ceftaroline+Linezolid+Daptomycin (Comparator)	艱鏇糧選積廠簾鑰齋鏇 = 網夢觸獵獵廠願憲夢鹹範鏇選壓積製顧齋醖齋 (衊鏇顧遞繭憲廠簾範鹽, 憲鬱構衊齋鑰衊鑰築窪 ~ 簾襯構繭膚窪淵醖艱夢) 更多
S25.004 (AAN2023)	N/A	脑膜结核	29	Standard ATT alone	齋醖顧繭襯構夢廠壓繭(鑰膚鑰鏇鏇糧齋醖構醖): Odds ratio = 2 (95% CI, 0.161 ~ 24.87) 更多	不佳	2023-04-25
				Add on oral 600 mg BD linezolid daily for 4 weeks along with standard ATT